| 摘要: | 本論文對東北勞工問題作依序漸進六部分的探討，除前言與結論外，中間六章分別就東北工業的發展、東北勞工的形成、東北早期的勞工運動、日偽對東北勞工的控制、東北勞工的反抗與東北勞工運動的特色六部分加以探討，以期對1945年以前的東北勞工問題作全面的了解與分析。
首先說明東北工業發展的狀況。東北的工業從明末清初開始起步，幾乎從一開始就可以分為民間私人工業、官方資本工業與外資壟斷工業三者，因此在第一章中將從這三個方向對東北工業的起始與發展做一舖敘。
其次探討東北勞工的形成。隨著工業的發展，東北勞工逐漸形成，但隨著外資的進入與控制，東北的勞工面臨了與中國其他地區不盡相同的狀況與待遇，不過本章主要在探討東北勞工形成與茁壯的過程中人數的變遷。從早期的萌芽階段到民國初年的逐步增加，尤其是第一次世界大戰華工參戰歸國後的這一時期，可說是東北勞工人數大增、組織力量形成的時期。等到日本佔據東北、偽滿成立後，東北勞工的發展不再是自然生態，而是逐年因日偽不同需求而產生的強制變化；加上日偽向東北以外地區（以河北、山東、河南最多）強徵勞工，更造成東北勞工數量上的起伏，不過學者一般認為偽滿時期東北的勞工數量，在百萬以上是無庸懷疑的。本章中將以偽滿以前與偽滿時期分別探討。
第三章探討東北早期的勞工運動。東北由於地處關外，發展較遲，因此到清末才發展出較成熟的勞工隊伍。有勞工存在的地區就會有工會團體的產生，有勞工受到壓榨迫害的時候就會有勞工運動的發生，因此東北勞工隊伍很快的就發展出了她們特有的組織與活動。本章將從工會組織的形成與發展以及工運活動的開展，對1931年九一八事變以前的東北勞工運動做系統的分析。
九一八事變後東北淪為日偽的禁臠，為了搜刮東北的資源與經濟利益，日偽對東北勞工的控制可謂無所不用其極，因此本論文將以第四章整章篇幅予以分析，首先探討日偽對東北經濟統制的各種政令，不僅是朝令夕改，而且是步步緊逼，從各種機關的設置，到各種手段的運用，無非是要將東北各種資源搜刮殆盡，而東北勞工就變成了他們奴役的工具。透過各種各樣的政令，日偽先是誘騙強徵各地勞工到東北，以種種規定限制他們的行動，然後極盡剝削迫害，使東北勞工生不如死，各種疾病災情，日偽統治者卻草菅人命，既不救傷治病，也不允許工人得到休養，甚至因傷病無法工作的人就只能活活等死，最後這些死亡的人被埋進了「萬人坑」，東北許多礦區或軍事工程附近的山區成了死人堆、冤魂塚，這些慘狀都將在本章中逐一敘述。
面對日偽的殘酷統治，東北的勞工當然會有反抗的行動，但是由於力量的差距太大，加上經濟力整個掌控在別人手中，因此反抗的聲音雖然持續不斷，得到的成果卻相當微弱；但是終日偽統治時期東北勞工的反抗從未稍止，這是東北勞工光榮的一頁抗日史。第五章將以消極怠工、組織性反抗、特殊工人行動以及武裝反抗四節分別敘述東北勞工對外來壓力的反擊。
在研究東北勞工的反抗行為中，發現具有相當特殊的特色，因此在論文最後，擬以單獨一章從自發性的經濟訴求、蘇俄革命影響、反日情緒濃厚與國共政黨意識薄弱四方面，對東北勞工運動的特色做一簡單的分析。由於本文並非專門勞工運動的研究，而是對東北勞工運動史的探討，因此本章僅屬一些觀察所得，並未加入太多社會學理論，也不能稱之為勞工運動的研究，僅是對東北勞工運動探討中的一些發現與陳述。
This dissertation is devoted to a critical analysis of the labor movement in Manchuria (the three provinces of Northeast China) before 1945. It is divided into three parts: Introduction (Chapter One), Body (Chapters Two to Seven), and Conclusion (Chapter Eight).
The Japanese invaded Manchuria in 1931 (Manchurian Incident) and proclaimed the puppet state of Manchukuo in 1932. The Japanese military kept strict control of the administration and hence there was a marked difference between Manchurian laborers’ lots and those of Chinese laborers’. Chinese sovereignty was not reasserted over the area until the end of World War II (1945).
Six important features of the labor movement in Northeast China are carefully studied as follows:
I. The development of industry in Manchuria: Ever since their establishment in the period between the late Ming Dynasty and the early Ching Dynasty, Manchurian industries had been dominated by three concurrent forces: the private sector, the state-owned sector, and the foreign monopoly capital sector.
II. The formation of labor in Manchuria:
During the pre-Manchukuo period, labor increased steadily, especially in the post World War I era when homecoming soldiers and laborers contributed to a boom in the Manchurian labor market. The increase in labor force was a natural growth without governmental intervention.
However, in the Manchukuo period, there were some fluctuation in the Manchurian labor market resulted from certain forceful measures taken by Japan. The Japanese carried out industrial plans to meet passing war needs; labor allocation was made accordingly. They also compulsively recruited laborers from neighboring provinces (mostly from Hopei, Shantong, and Honan Provinces). Therefore, there was still an estimate of more than one million laborers in the area. The Second Chapter focuses on the fluctuation in the labor market in the pre-Manchukuo and the Manchukuo periods.
III. Labor movement in Manchuria: The development of more organized labor force in Northeast China, which paved the way for the development of its unique labor organizations and activities there, did not take place until the late Ching Dynasty due to the fact that its development was arrested because it was situated to the north of Shanhaikuan. Chapter Three systematically analyzes the establishment of labor unions and the activities they started, as well as the development of labor movement in Machuria before the Manchurian Incident in 1931.
IV. Harsh working conditions during the Manchukuo period: To drain the resources of Northeast China and push its commercial interests to the utmost there, the Japanese exploited the laborers of Northeast China with coercive and drastic measures. In labor camps and at work sites, coolies were exploited for slave labor. They were detained under extremely harsh conditions. A large proportion died of mistreatment, exhaustion from overwork, malnutrition, and disease. Accidents and casualties were numerous. Chapter Four depicts the notoriously adverse conditions throughout Manchuria under the Japanese rule during this period.
V. Defiance in Manchuria: Where there is oppression, there is resistance. Chapter Five provides a detailed description of the retaliatory measures taken by the Chinese laborers: They rose in revolt against the Japanese by means of slowdown, organized campaign, underground movement as well as armed rebellion. The local resistance groups fought a continuing war. Though all of the efforts proved to be futile and came to no practical results, it is a glorious chapter in the history of Sino-Japanese wars.
VI. Characteristics of the labor defiance: The author analyzes the characteristics of the labor defiance in Manchuria from four aspects ? spontaneous economic appeal, the impact of the Russian Revolution, strong anti-Japanese sentiment, and weak political affiliations among the rank and file KMT and Chinese Communist Party members. Since this chapter does not bear out social theories, it is interpretative in nature, and hence inappropriate to be described as a study on labor movement. Rather, it merely expounds on certain findings from the study of the labor movement in Northeast China. |
