論張岱遊記中人文精神之體現

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题名:	論張岱遊記中人文精神之體現 The Comment about the Realization of Humanistic Spirit in Zhang Dai’s Travel Notes
作者:	張志帆
贡献者:	中國文學研究所
关键词:	張岱遊記人文精神
日期:	2007
上传时间:	2010-07-05 10:50:01 (UTC+8)
摘要:	遊記文學的發展到晚明時期進入了興盛期，是晚明小品的重要題材。晚明是個十分特殊的時代，政治上內憂外患不斷，但社會經濟文化卻是繁榮發達。故許多明人惡政治遠黨爭，進而愛好攜伴遊山玩水，並在悠遊中寫下了許多遊記作品。張岱正是這樣的一個佼佼者，雖是生長於官宦世家，卻無心於政治，愛好山水，而本身的文學修養及一生的際遇，因而成為晚明小品的集大成者。張岱的遊記，內容題材廣泛，從遊山玩水到品茶禮佛皆有述及，當中更蘊含豐富的人文精神，除了高成就的文學價值，文中更表現出社會文化的強烈關注。是故筆者欲從「人文」的角度來探討張岱遊記中的人文精神，是命為「論張岱遊記中人文精神之體現」。為求通盤瞭解張岱「人文精神」的內涵與風貌，本論文分七章析論：第一章緒論；第二章人文精神與中國遊記文學；第三章時代背景與張岱事略；第四章張岱遊記中的人文薈萃；第五章張岱遊記之人文精神；第六章張岱遊記之藝術風格；第七章結論。並從四大方向研究討論：一、探討人文精神的內涵與中國遊記文學人文精神是人文化成世界裡最重要的核心價值。人文精神是以人為本的價值永恆性，而山水遊記之中的各種人文風貌，即是人文精神的體現。作家在遊歷山川都市之中，將其所見所聞透過自我主觀的抒發，而寫下一篇篇動人的遊記文字。遊記不但記錄了各地美景，更呈現出作家的人文內涵。筆者欲先討論人文精神的生發，再討論中國遊記文學的發展，後自其遊記內容中析理出人文精神的風貌與特色。二、全面瞭解張岱的時代背景與其家世、生平、性格特質張岱一生際遇特殊，從富貴之家到家徒四壁。從晚明君主無能、政治黑暗、士人的頹廢靡爛，經歷國破家亡後復到了異族統治的康熙盛世，這樣的時代背景自然深深影響了他的一生。筆者欲以「歷史研究法」從外緣的研究，於史料的分析中，瞭解晚明時代背景的特殊性。而張岱本身的家世背景、生平際遇及性格特質，也成就了張岱晚明小品的地位。其特殊的性格特質：真性情──一往有深情、愛交友──不分貧富賤、好嬉遊──古剎名勝訪，更使其遊記作品的境界大開，終成一代大家。三、針對張岱遊記作品中的「人文精神」深入剖析遊記文學可由「人」、「事」、「景」三個面向分作討論。豐富的「人文」色彩與「自然」美景的結合，成就了動人的遊記作品。筆者試以「綜合歸納分析法」深入剖析張岱作品中的遊記作品，將其所著的文本，從「人」、「事」、「景」多重角度詳細分析並加以探討，冀望能闡發提煉其作品中豐富的人文價值。四、討論張岱遊記中的「人文精神」內涵特色深入研究張岱遊記中的「人文精神」，筆者發現其遊記作品特色：風格獨特，帶有冰雪之氣；真情流露，不虛偽、不做作；遺民情結，作品中流露出對故國的緬懷；人文關懷，作品展現出社會各階層的風貌，遊記作品中涵攝強烈的人文關懷。張岱開拓了遊記的題材，不只侷限於山川之間；凡都市裡的風俗民情、慶典上的各式活動、人潮中的百態人生，日常中的所見所聞：唱戲、說書、美食、品茗……無所不寫，遊記至此真可謂「境界始大」。願藉「論張岱遊記中人文精神之體現」一書中，對張岱遊記小品作探討及析論，並瞭解其人及在遊記中之特色，明瞭張岱為晚明小品集大成之因，也藉此研究，更瞭解遊記中「人文」之意涵及其重要性。 The development of travel notes literature enters its golden period at the late dynasty of Ming, and it’s an important topic of short article at that time. The late Ming dynasty is a special era, there is an endless confusion in politics, but it’s so prosperous as well as advanced in society, economics, and culture. Therefore, Ming people disliked politics issue, but they loved to travel with company, and then wrote many travel notes. Zhang Dai is such an outstanding author. Although he was born in political family, he was not interested in that. He enjoyed traveling, besides with the literature cultivation and lifelong experiences of himself. As a result, he became an expert in the short article of the late dynasty of Ming. The topic of Zhang Dai’s travel notes is so broad that he wrote from traveling, tea-drinking, to Buddha worship. His work includes rich humanistic spirit. Not only its literature value was raised but also his strong attention toward society and culture was shown. So, I want to explore the humanistic spirit from Zhang Dai’s travel notes through the way of humanism. The main topic is “The Comment about the Realization of Humanistic Spirit in Zhang Dai’s Travel Notes”. In order to understand the content completely, this research will be divided into six chapters, and it will be discussed in four ways. Listed by chapters are as bellow: Chapter one is the preface. Chapter two is humanistic spirit and Chinese travel notes literature. Chapter three is era background and Zhang Dai’s bibliography. Chapter four is the humanistic activities in Zhang Dai’s travel notes. Chapter five is the characteristics of humanistic spirit in Zhang Dai’s travel notes. Chapter six is the conclusion. The four ways are listed as below: (i) To explore the main idea of humanistic spirit and Chinese traveling literature: The humanistic spirit emphasizes on the eternity of human value. All kinds of humanistic faces express humanistic spirit directly. When the author travels, he writes down what he sees, where he visits and uses touching words. The travel notes not only make the record of beautiful scenic spots, but show the humanistic inner content of the author. I will discuss the happening of humanistic spirit, and then the development of Chinese travel notes literature, and the analysis all faces and features of humanistic spirit. (ii) To understand Zhang Dai’s background of time and family, his bibliography and personality: Zhang Dai was in a special case from rich to poor family background. Since the emperor of late Ming dynasty had no right, politics confusion, his country was ruled by other people. This kind of background influenced his whole life. I want to use history research way to understand the specialty of this time background. And all mentioned above made the position of him in short article of late Ming dynasty. Real temper with feelings, love to make friends equally, and enjoy traveling, opens a new world of travel notes work and becomes an expert. (iii) To analyze the humanistic spirit in Zhang Dai’s travel notes: The important element of travel notes literature is the combination of people, theme, and scenery. The abundant humanism and natural scenery aspects. Hope to discover more rich humanistic content and characteristic of Zhang Dai. (iv) To discuss the humanistic spirit features in Zhang Dai’s travel notes: When studying the humanistic spirit in his work, I find out his writing style features are unique, fresh, and stern. He also wrote his emotions directly without cover. His work is full of his remembrance toward his country, and describes all society condition with strong humanistic concern. Hope can do research and analysis in all faces of Zhang Dai through“The Comment about the Realization of Humanistic Spirit in Zhang Dai’s Travel Notes”. To understand his feature in travel notes and the reason that make Zhang Dai become an expert in late Ming dynasty short article. By this research, we can know the humanistic content and importance in travel notes more clearly.
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