| 摘要: | 我國現行精神障礙鑑定及處遇之制度措施之實務問題，長久以來皆是一大重要議題，精神鑑定之重要性更是難以言喻。為兼顧精神障礙被告之權益及防護社會安全下，對於涉及刑事犯罪之精神障礙被告，固有鑑定其實行犯罪行為時之責任能力之必要，於法院宣告命其監護處分前，應須有完整之鑑定措施。監護處分旨在將行為時因精神障礙或心智缺陷致使其責任能力喪失或顯著降低，但仍有再犯危險性以及有危害公共安全之虞的不法行為人，強制收容於精神病院或其他相當處所，施以治療或矯正處遇，以消除其再犯性以及社會危險性，俾維社會安全，因屬拘束人身自由之保安處分，其發動要件以及決定程序，須恪遵比例原則以及正當法律程序原則，始符憲法第8條保障人身自由之旨。然而，探究現行我國處遇制度，能否有效落實制度上所欲達成之目的，則不無疑問。
對於我國監護處分之現況及問題加以探究，除一般刑事審判程序外，因我國已由2023年起正式實施國民法官法，故本文亦針對國民法官參與精神障礙被告之刑事審判可能涉及之問題提供建議；另外，為精神障礙被告專門設置之司法精神病院，其定位應以治療抑或是監護為主，係為一大重要核心。此外，對於無須接受機構性處遇而離開司法精神病院之精神障礙被告，對於其出院後應有如何多元處遇之方式，提出本文之構想，希望能借鏡德國、日本兩國之作法，使我國現實制度更加完善，有利於精神障礙被告順利復歸社會。
The practical issues of the current institutional measures for the identification and treatment of mental disorders in R.O.C. have long been an important issue, and the importance of mental identification is even more difficult to overstate. In order to balance the rights and interests of defendants with mental disorders and protect social security, it isnecessary to identify defendants with mental disorders involved in criminal crimes as to their ability to take responsibility when committing criminal acts. A complete evaluation should be conducted before the court orders them to be under guardianship measure. A person is not responsible for criminal conduct if at the time of such conduct as a result of mental disorder(s) or impairment to the extent which the person’s criminal responsibility can be excused or diminished. While the offense is not punishable, the provision on custodial protection under the Criminal Code allows judicial authorities to detain the person in psychiatric hospitals or other comparable institutions for medical treatment or correctional treatment, provided that evidence is sufficient to prove that the person is likely to reoffend and his behavior may result in risk to public safety. The purpose of the provision is to minimize risk of reoffending and ensure safety society. As the nature of custodial protection is a protective measure that imposes restrictions on personal freedom, its legal requirements and decision-making process are required to comply strictly with the rules of proportionality and due process ,which are encapsulated in the legislative purpose of Article 8 of the Constitution. However, it is not without doubt whether the current treatment system in R.O.C can effectively implement the goals intended to be achieved by the system.
To explore the current status and problems of guardianship punishment in R.O.C, in addition to general criminal trial procedures, since the R.O.C has officially implemented the Civil Judge Law from 2023, thisarticle also provides information on the issues that may be involved inthe participation of national judges in the criminal trials of defendants with mental disorders.
In addition, judicial psychiatric hospitals specially set up for defendants with mental disorders should be positioned to focus on treatment or guardianship, which is an important core. In addition, for defendants with mental disorders who do not need to receive institutional treatment and leave judicial mental hospitals, this article puts forward the concept of how to deal with diversified treatment after discharge, hoping to learn from the practices of Germany and Japan to make our country realistic. A more complete system will help defendants with mental disorders successfully return to society. |
