以巴衝突所涉及之耶路撒冷地位問題

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Title:	以巴衝突所涉及之耶路撒冷地位問題 Issues on the Status of Jerusalem in the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict
Authors:	李鈺淳
Contributors:	法律學系
Keywords:	巴勒斯坦以色列法律地位耶路撒冷聯合國安理會決議中東和平進程奧斯陸協議中東和平路徑圖 Palestine Israel legal status Jerusalem Resolutions of the United Nations Security Council Mid east peace process Oslo Accords The Roadmap to Mideast Peace
Date:	2023
Issue Date:	2024-02-23 15:23:19 (UTC+8)
Abstract:	以色列與巴勒斯坦衝突所涉及之耶路撒冷地位問題，一直都是國際間最敏感且爭議最多的難題。耶路撒冷本身的特殊宗教與歷史地位，讓以色列與巴勒斯坦人民對於耶路撒冷擁有諸多情感，使得耶路撒冷國際地位議題顯得更重要。本論文會從不同角度與觀點來剖析耶路撒冷地位問題，最終將提出對於以巴衝突如何達成和平協議的可能性。　　耶路撒冷具有濃厚的宗教歷史色彩，對於猶太人、穆斯林與基督徒都具有其特殊的重要意義，也衍生出諸多衝突產生。英國結束託管後，聯合國大會做出第一八一號決議，劃分雙方建國後之土地並將耶路撒冷交由國際共管。然而以色列獨立建國後，仍引發鄰近阿拉伯國家的不滿，進而發生多次中東戰爭。其中在六日戰爭後，以色列控制了整個耶路撒冷區域並且完成了首都耶路撒冷的統一，但聯合國安理會提出第二四二號決議，要求以色列撤離戰爭所佔領之領土，否定以色列佔領此地之合法性。儘管聯合國於六日戰爭後做出許多決議，要求以色列恢復耶路撒冷受國際共管之地位，以色列仍不予理會，使得中東衝突仍不斷再發生，關於耶路撒冷的歸屬問題依舊未解。　　以色列在六日戰爭後控制耶路撒冷全境，但阿拉伯人仍舊不願承認以色列並且不願與以色列談和，使得國際間也針對以巴衝突提出了諸多和平建議，然而這些和平建議在實際推動上仍有許多困難，使得以巴衝突如今仍未達成和平。長年以來美國對於以巴衝突雖維持中立但仍偏向以色列，美國國會也訂定了相關的政策與法律來支持以色列。而美國前總統川普的一連串承認耶路撒冷為以色列首都之政策，更為耶路撒冷地區之情勢產生莫大的影響。　　本論文提出以色列與巴勒斯坦可仿照中英聯合聲明處理香港問題之模式，於和平協議內提出平行式聲明，為以巴雙方之立場互留一定之空間，並且將主權與治權分開討論來解決以巴衝突問題。以巴雙方若可藉此達成階段性共識，本文期望耶路撒冷地位問題將可以逐步獲得解決。 The issue of the status of Jerusalem in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict has always been the most sensitive and contentious problem in the international community. The unique religious and historical significance of Jerusalem itself has evoked strong emotions among both Israelis and Palestinians, making the international status of Jerusalem even more significant. This thesis will analyze the issue of Jerusalem's status from different perspectives and viewpoints, ultimately proposing possibilities for achieving a peaceful agreement in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Jerusalem's religious and historical significance to Jews, Muslims, and Christians has fueled conflicts. After British rule ended, the UN Assembly passed Resolution 181, dividing the land and placing Jerusalem under international administration. Israel's independence led to Arab dissatisfaction and subsequent wars. Following the Six-Day War, Israel unified Jerusalem as its capital, defying UN Security Council Resolution 242 calling for withdrawal from occupied territories. Despite UN resolutions, Jerusalem's status remains unresolved, perpetuating ongoing conflicts. Although Israel gained control over the entire Jerusalem area after the Six-Day War, Arabs have continued to refuse to recognize Israel and engage in peace negotiations. The international community has proposed numerous peace proposals for the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. However, these peace proposals have faced many challenges in their practical implementation, resulting in the ongoing lack of peace in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. While the United States has maintained a neutral position on the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, it has historically leaned towards Israel, and the U.S. Congress has enacted policies and laws to support Israel. The policies of former U.S. President Donald Trump, including the recognition of Jerusalem as the capital of Israel, have had a significant impact on the region. This thesis suggests that Israel and Palestine can adopt a model similar to the Sino-British Joint Declaration on Hong Kong. It proposes the inclusion of parallel statements within the peace agreement, allowing both parties to maintain certain flexibility in their positions. It also recommends separating discussions on sovereignty and governance to address the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. If both sides can achieve a phased consensus through this approach, it is hopefully believed that the issue of Jerusalem's status can be gradually resolved.
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