| 摘要: | 本研究旨在瞭解家庭主婦之「家務分工」與「婚姻滿意度」之現況，以及不同「個人背景因素」與不同「家庭背景因素」之家庭主婦在「家務分工」與「婚姻滿意度」上的差異情形，另探討家庭主婦的「家務分工」與「婚姻滿意度」之相關性。更進一步瞭解家庭主婦之「個人背景因素」、「家庭背景因素」與「家務分工」對「婚姻滿意度」的預測力。
本研究採 「立意抽樣」與「滾雪球」方式進行取樣，以臺灣地區「已婚有偶，且有兼職或無工作之家庭主婦」為研究對象。正式施測樣本為441份，扣除填答不完整等無效問卷後，實得有效樣本為 433份，有效回收率為98.19%。所使用之研究工具，包括：「個人背景資料表」、「家庭背景資料表」、「家務分工量表」與「婚姻滿意度量表」，共四項。所得資料以 SPSS for Windows 26.0進行分析，採用：敘述統計、單一樣本 t 檢定、獨立樣本 t 檢定、單因子變異數分析、雪費事後比較法等統計方法分析，研究結果如下：
一、全體受試者「家務分工」與「婚姻滿意度」之現況
（一）「家務分工」部分
1.「家庭主婦家務參與」傾向「中高程度」。
2.「配偶家務參與」傾向「中低程度」。
3.「家庭主婦家務公平感受」傾向「中等程度」。
（二）「婚姻滿意度」部分
1.家庭主婦之整體「婚姻滿意度」傾向「中等程度」
2.家庭主婦「對婚姻的滿意度」傾向「中等程度」。
3.家庭主婦「對配偶的滿意度」傾向「中等程度」。
4.家庭主婦「與配偶關係滿意度」傾向「中等程度」。
二、全體受試者「個人背景因素」對「家務分工」及「婚姻滿意度」之差異情形
（一）不同 「個人背景因素」在「家務分工」之差異情形
1.不同「年齡」、「結婚年數」、「因結婚而離開工作」、「工作狀態」及「平均每月收入」在「家庭主婦家務參與」有顯著差異。
2.不同「因結婚而離開工作」及「工作狀態」在「配偶家務參與」有顯著差異。
3.不同「因結婚而離開工作」在「家庭主婦家務公平感受」有顯著差異。
（二）不同 「個人背景因素」在「婚姻滿意度」之差異情形
1.不同「教育程度」及「因結婚而離開工作」在整體「婚姻滿意度」、「對婚姻的滿意度」、「對配偶的滿意度」及「與配偶關係滿意度」有顯著差異。
2.不同「工作狀態」在「對婚姻的滿意度」有顯著差異。
三、全體受試者「家庭背景因素」對「家務分工」及「婚姻滿意度」之差異情形
（一）不同 「家庭背景因素」在「家務分工」之差異情形
1.不同「配偶年齡」、「配偶工作狀態」、「配偶經常出差狀態」、「配偶平均每月收入」、「配偶健康狀況」、「子女數」、「最小子女年齡」、「目前居住情形」、「照顧家人狀況」及「聘僱家庭幫傭」在「家庭主婦家務參與」有顯著差異。
2.不同「配偶經常出差狀態」及「最小子女年齡」在「配偶家務參與」有顯著差異。
3.不同「配偶平均每月收入」及「配偶健康狀況」在「家庭主婦家務公平感受」有顯著差異。
（二）不同 「家庭背景因素」在「婚姻滿意度」之差異情形
1.不同「配偶教育程度」、「配偶平均每月收入」及「配偶健康狀況」在整體「婚姻滿意度」、「對婚姻的滿意度」、「對配偶的滿意度」及「與配偶關係滿意度」有顯著差異。
2.不同「子女數」在整體「婚姻滿意度」、「對婚姻的滿意度」及「對配偶的滿意度」有顯著差異。
3.不同「照顧家人狀況」在整體「婚姻滿意度」及「對婚姻的滿意度」有顯著差異。
四、全體受試者「家務分工」與「婚姻滿意度」之相關情形
1.「家庭主婦家務參與」與整體「婚姻滿意度」呈顯著「低度負相關」。
2.「配偶家務參與」與整體「婚姻滿意度」呈顯著「低度正相關」。
3.「家庭主婦家務公平感受」與整體「婚姻滿意度」呈顯著「中度正相關」。
五、全體受試者「個人背景因素」、「家庭背景因素」與「家務分工」對「婚姻滿意度」具有顯著的預測力。
家庭主婦之「配偶家務參與」、「家庭主婦家務公平感受」、「因結婚而離開工作」、「工作狀態」及「配偶健康狀況」及「家庭主婦家務公平感受」等五個變項對整體「婚姻滿意度」具有 48% 的顯著預測力。顯示「配偶家務參與」愈多、「家庭主婦家務公平感受」愈公平、「不是因結婚而離開工作」、「無工作」及「配偶健康狀況」愈好的家庭主婦，其整體「婚姻滿意度」愈滿意。
根據本研究之結論，建議家庭主婦鼓勵配偶主動地參與家務，與家庭成員表達家務需求及心理感受。以及肯定自我貢獻的價值，積極尋求支持及參與社交網絡，讓家庭成員共同參與家務、培養子女家務參與或適時地尋求家務外包來分擔家務。另外，建議配偶主動積極地分擔家務，並以實際行動關心、感恩與體諒家庭主婦的辛勞付出。彼此關注家庭成員的身心健康，透過夫妻、家庭成員之間相互理解、尊重和支持，一同建立美好的家庭生活。
最後，建議政府及民間相關機構，提供多元的家庭教育、家務相關課程輔導及諮詢、宣導家庭健康意識、規劃多元社會照顧或家事委外管理等服務。讓 「家務分工」成為家庭共識，從而建立和諧的婚姻家庭關係，提升夫妻的「婚姻滿意度」。
This study aimed to understand the current situation of “division of housework” and “marital satisfaction” among housewives, as well as the differences in “division of housework” and “marital satisfaction” among housewives with different “personal backgrounds” and “family backgrounds.” Furthermore, it explored the correlation between the “division of housework” and “marital satisfaction” of housewives.
Purposive sampling and snowball sampling were employed to select married housewives with part-time or no work residents in Taiwan. A total of 441 formal questionnaires were distributed. After invalid responses (e.g., incomplete responses) were excluded, 433 valid responses were collected, with a return rate of 98.19%. The research instruments included “Questionnaire on Personal Background Data (QPBD),” “Questionnaire on Family Background Data (QFBD),” “Division of Housework Scale (DHS),” and “Kansas Marital Satisfaction Scale (KMSS).” SPSS for Windows 26.0 was employed to analyze the data through descriptive statistics, one-sample t testing, independent-sample t testing, one-way analysis of variance, the Scheffe posthoc test, Pearson product-moment correlation, and stepwise multiple regression. The analysis results were as follows:
A. “Division of housework” and “marital satisfaction” of housewives
(A) “Division of housework” of housewives
1.“Housework participation of housewife” tends to be at a “moderate to high level.”
2.“Housework participation of spouse” tends to be at a “moderate to low level.”
3.“The sense of housework fairness of housewife” tends to be at a “moderate level.”
(B) “Marital satisfaction” of housewives
1.The overall “marital satisfaction” among housewives tends to be at a “moderate level.”
2.Housewives’ “satisfaction with marriage” tends to be at a “moderate level.”
3.Housewives’ “satisfaction with spouse” tends to be at a “moderate level.”
4.Housewives’ “satisfaction with relationship with spouse” tends to be at a “moderate level.”
B. The differences between “personal background factors” and “division of housework” and “marital satisfaction” of all subjects
(A) Differences in the “division of housework” due to different “personal background factors”
1.There are significant differences in “housework participation of housewife” based on age, number of years of marriage, leave from work due to marriage, working status and average monthly income.
2.There are significant differences in the “housework participation of spouse” based on different leaving work due to marriage and work status.
3.There are significant differences between leaving work due to marriage and “the sense of housework fairness of housewife”.
(B) Differences in the “marital satisfaction” due to different “personal background factors”
1.There are significant differences in overall “marital satisfaction” “satisfaction with marriage”, “satisfaction with spouse” and “satisfaction with the relationship with the spouse” based on different educational attainment and leaving work due to marriage.
2.There are significant differences in“satisfaction with marriage” based on different work status.
C. The difference between “family background factors” and “division of housework” and “marital satisfaction” in all subjects
(A) Differences in the "division of housework" due to different “family background factors”
1.There are significant differences in “housework participation of housewife” based on different age of spouse, working status of spouse, business trip of spouse frequently, average monthly income of spouse, health status of spouse, number of children, age of minimum children, current residence situation, family care status and employment of domestic helpers.
2.There are significant differences in “housework participation of spouse” based on different business trip of spouse frequently and age of minimum children.
3.There are significant differences in “the sense of housework fairness of housewife” based on different average monthly income of spouse and health status of spouse.
(B) Differences in the “marital satisfaction due to different “family background factors”
1.There are significant differences in overall “marital satisfaction”, “satisfaction with marriage”, “satisfaction with spouse” and “satisfaction with the relationship with the spouse” based on different education level of spouse, average monthly income of spouse and health status of spouse.
2.There are significant differences in overall “marital satisfaction”, “satisfaction with marriage” and “satisfaction with spouse” based on different number of children.
3.There are significant differences in “satisfaction with the relationship with the spouse” based on different family care status.
D. The correlation between the “division of housework” and “marital satisfaction” of all subjects
1.”Housework participation of housewife” was significantly negatively correlated with overall “marital satisfaction.”
2.”Housework participation of spouse” was positively correlated with overall “marital satisfaction.”
3.”The sense of housework fairness of housewife” was significantly “moderately positively correlated” with overall “marital satisfaction.”
E. The “personal background factors”, “family background factors” and “division of housework” of all subjects had significant predictive power on “marital satisfaction.”
“Housework participation of spouse,” “the sense of housework fairness of housewife,” “leaving work due to marriage,” “work status of housewife” and “health status of spouse” collectively account for 48% of the significant predictive power on overall “marital satisfaction.” This indicates that housewives who have higher levels of spouse’s involvement in housework, perceive fairness in the division of housework, did not leave work due to marriage, are unemployed, and have spouses with better health conditions tend to have higher levels of overall “marital satisfaction.”
According to the conclusions of this study, it is recommended that housewives encourage their spouses to actively participate in housework and express their needs and psychological feelings related to household tasks to family members. It is also suggested to acknowledge the value of one's own contributions, actively seek support and engage in social networks, and promote the involvement of family members in housework, cultivating children's participation in household tasks or seeking timely outsourcing of housework to share the workload. Additionally, it is recommended that spouses take the initiative to actively share household responsibilities and demonstrate care, gratitude, and understanding for the hard work and contributions of housewives through concrete actions. Attention should be given to the physical and mental health of family members, and a harmonious family life should be established through mutual understanding, respect, and support among spouses and family members.
Finally, it is recommended that the government and relevant non-governmental organizations provide diverse family education, guidance and counseling on household tasks, promote awareness of family health, and plan for diverse social care or outsourcing of household management services. This will help establish a consensus on “division of housework” within families, thus enhancing “marital satisfaction” for couples. |
