| 摘要: | 本研究旨在探討臺灣婚姻移民如何以行動跨越結構體制，並自我賦能的歷程。綜觀過去研究發現，早期臺灣民眾所認識的新移民女性，常受官方、媒體所建構出來的形象所影響，普遍對其產生偏見與歧視。近年來雖然對東南亞外籍配偶取得公民權的態度有較為開放，然而還是有不少人對於大陸配偶公民權的取得，持保留的態度；這說明許多人對婚姻移民的印象仍受族群差異、社經地位、政黨支持與性別差異等因素所影響。故此，本研究要探討臺灣婚姻移民的生命如何受性別、階級/國族所共構的體制困境所影響，以及她們如何透過行動與自我賦能的方式，跨越所遭遇的結構體制困境。本研究採取質性研究之敘說研究法，邀請兩位分別來自大陸及柬埔寨之婚姻移民，運用半結構式的訪談大綱，個別進行生命故事的訪談，並透過 Lieblich 等人 (1998) 所提出的「整體—內容」敘說模式進行文本分析，撰寫研究結果。研究結果發現，臺灣婚姻移民所遭遇之結構體制困境表現在性別壓迫、階級歧視與國族排拒上：一、性別壓迫主要來自於傳統父權體制所形成的性別角色期待，與據此思維所制定之法律政策，包括：歧視未婚或離婚者、家長式權威決定子女終身大事、從夫居所造成的夫妻權力不對等、理所當然的「家庭照顧者」與「無酬勞動者」、被視為「再生產工具」，以及獨自承擔的沈重母職；二、階級歧視與國族排拒，包括：大陸配偶來臺前兩年不得工作的法令限制所造成之經濟困境、身份證條款影響公民權、臺籍配偶不得收養陸配前婚子女之人倫戕害、因族群歧視而不被雇用、同工不同酬、學歷採認限制造成只能從事3D工作、雇主惡意積欠薪水等。臺灣婚姻移民跨越結構體制困境的要素則包括：一、個人特質；二、正向思考；三、經濟獨立；四、為母則強；五、善用社會支持網絡。婚姻移民跨越困境自我賦能的內涵則包括：一、困境是自我賦能的契機；二、自我賦能的能量是累加的；三、自我賦能非線性歷程。
This study elaborates how marital immigrants in Taiwan take actions to transcend the structural system and the process of self-empowerment. A comprehensive review of past studies has found that the perception of most Taiwanese regarding immigrant women has been largely influenced and constructed by the government and the media; and it generally had prejudice and discrimination. In recent years, although the law of naturalization for foreign spouses from Southeast Asia becomes more liberalized, many Taiwanese still have reservations about the acquisition of citizenship by mainland spouses. This indicates that many Taiwanese’s’ impressions of marital immigrants are still affected by ethnic differences, socioeconomic status, political party support, and gender differences. Therefore, this study explores how the lives of Taiwanese marital immigrants are affected by the institutional dilemmas co-constructed by gender, class, and national identity; it also demonstrates how they overcome the structural and institutional barriers they encounter through active actions and self-empowerment. This study adopts the narrative research approach of qualitative research methodology, invites two marital immigrants from mainland China and Cambodia respectively, and uses a semi-structured interview outline to conduct individual life story interviews. The thesis employs the " holistic-content" narrative model to conduct text analysis and write research results. The study found that the structural and institutional difficulties encountered by marital immigrants are manifested in gender oppression, class discrimination, and national exclusion: Gender oppression is mainly from the Taiwanese expectations of gender roles formed by the traditional patriarchal system, and the law and policies developed therefrom. The aforementioned law and policies include discrimination against unmarried or divorced persons, paternalistic authority to dominate marriage decision, unequal rights between husband and wife caused by the law authorizing the husband in determining residency, the heavy responsibility for "family caregivers" and "unpaid laborers", women’s image to be regarded as " "reproductive tool", and the heavy motherhood that cannot be shared. Class discrimination and ethnic exclusion: the economic difficulties caused by a number of factors, such as: the legal restriction that mainland spouses are not allowed to work in the first two years since they arrived at Taiwan, no citizenship rights without the National Identity Card, Taiwanese husbands’ right to adopt mainland spouses’ children born in the previous marriage is largely restricted, the human relations are destroyed, unemployment due to ethnic discrimination, less pay for same work, and the limited recognition of their diploma from mother countries makes them only able to engage in 3D work, and prevalent wage arrears, etc. The elements for Taiwanese marital immigrants to overcome structural and institutional difficulties include: 1. Personal characteristics; 2. Positive thinking; 3. Economic independence; 4. Being a mother so as to make them brave; and 5. Fluently using the network of social support. The connotations of marital immigrants to empower themselves so as to overcome difficulties include: first, adversity is an opportunity for self-empowerment; second, the capacity of self-empowerment is cumulative; third, self-empowerment is a non-linear process. |
