| 摘要: | 本文論述西周中期政策與制度的轉變及其影響，所涉及的王世除西周中期六王外，及厲王時期的國勢與社會產生的動盪與影響。本文共五章，除緒論與結論，分別討論以下幾個重大議題。
第二章主要討論西周中期的對外征伐與政策。昭王計畫性南征的失利，造成自身不返與喪六師於漢。穆王時期的四方征戰，不但未能獲取土地再行武裝移民之法，反倒在西征之際，發生了徐戎與淮夷的入侵。穆王之後的恭、懿、孝、夷四王，南方各部族更成為周王室的心腹大患。為提防南方部族的入侵，如曾、鄂等早期在南土所建立且地理位置重要的諸侯國，在西周中期的地位也非早期所能比擬。昭王南征不僅是西周早期與西周中期的轉捩點，其後續影響更造成西周中期開始出現「由攻轉守」的現象。
第三章是從冊命銘文看西周中期政策與內部體制的轉變。從政策方針來看，由於拓土受阻，早期「以藩屏周」的政策已然不合時宜。從「封土授民」到「命官賜服」，西周中期透過冊命儀典規範化的過程，賞賜行為也開始具有固定的模式與意義。同時，世官制與冊命制的搭配，並以宗法制度為核心，讓更多的貴族子弟藉由「更乃祖考」取得仕宦的資格。冊命對於周王與貴族而言，可謂是「互惠」之舉。周王透過對官員的冊命，讓「永為大宗」的周王掌握貴族任官的決策權，解決無法持續封土授民，卻能有效鞏固王權的現況。從貴族的角度上，冊命有助於「自身地位的提升」與「家族地位的維繫」。透過冊命的「命官賜服」，讓貴族認為接受周王冊命是光宗耀祖並值得作器傳於子孫之事。
第四章則從西周中期的變革與現象探討對厲王時期的影響。從銘文所見西周中期貴族之間土地交易與轉讓的現象，不僅反映田土的獲取不需經周王的封授，如裘衛這般的小貴族，也能以物品換取貴族的土地，進而成為新貴甚至受周王冊命並步入朝堂。懿、孝、夷三王的繼統異常，不但損害周天子「定之於天」的尊貴身分，身為懿王太子的夷王，甚至憑藉諸侯之力才得以復立為王。夷王在位時的下堂見諸侯之事，更可見諸侯勢力的日漸壯大。厲王即位後，面對自西周中期以來所產生的王室衰微、土地轉讓、財政困難、天災頻仍與諸侯貴族的勢力壯大等眾多現象，厲王試圖透過革典對困境進行改革與整頓。厲王時期的改革與整頓，不但未能有效集中權力，反因用人與專利等政策的失當，最終引起國人作亂而使君王出奔，也使西周逐步走向衰亡。
This thesis discusses the changes and influences of the policies and political system under the reigns of seven Zhou kings in the mid-Western Zhou period. Accordingly, in addition to an introduction in Chapter 1 and a conclusion in Chapter 5, Chapters 2, 3, and 4 discuss, in detail, the topics mentioned above.
Chapter 2 focuses on the territorial expansions and related policies of the Western Zhou. King Zhao launched two major military campaigns against the vassal state of Chu in the south. In his second campaign, King Zhao, organizing his royal forces into the "Six Armies of the West", suffered a disastrous defeat and drowned in the Han River. The military campaign against the Quanrong tribe in the west, led by King Mu, has been considered more of a failure than a success because no territories were seized from the tribe. According to many historians, King Zhao’s fatal defeat to Chu was the beginning of the decline of the Western Zhou, leading to its gradual transition from offensive policy to defensive policy against foreign aggressors.
Chapter 3 investigates the political development and the changes in internal system based on the bronze inscriptions. In the early years of the Western Zhou, the Zhou kings adopted an expansionist policy and often granted the conquered lands to their kinsmen and some noblemen, who became regional rulers possessing hereditary rights over their lands. In return, they served as a shield of defense to protect the Zhou kingdom from tribes outside the royal domain. As the political power of the Zhou house waned over time, the kings’ ability to control these rulers was realized in investiture ceremonies, through which the Zhou kings exhibited their dominance over the rulers and, on the other hand, the regional rulers established their prestige and social status.
Chapter 4 examines the impact of the many problems on the Zhou kingdom during the reign of King Li. Faced with the continuing decline of the royal power, unapproved land transfer between nobles, frequent natural disasters, and royal financial difficulties, King Li tried to implement a series of reforms, which hurt the interests of both nobles and civilians. This eventually caused a rebellion that ended the reign of King Li. |
