| 摘要: | 根據世界衛生組織統計，全球因為都會空氣污染引發病變死亡的案例，每年已超過75萬人，其中在亞洲達到53.7萬人。植物對空氣污染具有改善作用，國內許多學者直接藉由實驗室方法探討各種都市常用植被或是計算測站週邊綠地結構對改善空氣污染之效益，但未同時納入時間及空間等影響空氣品質因子探討。本研究目的在於探討空氣品質時空變化與綠地關係。研究內容分析民國92至94年大台北地區空氣品質資料時空變化，藉由統計方法及GIS軟體的操作運用來探討綠化量對空氣品質的影響。本研究結果發現大台北地區空氣品質指標PSI與O3受時間變異影響大於空間變異，PM10、CO、SO2則受空間變異影響較明顯。以時間同質性分佈而言，空氣品質可分為冬半年和夏半年，秋冬的空氣品質比春夏兩季的空氣品質好。在空間分佈上，空氣品質指標PSI、PM10、CO、SO2的空間分佈，除了永和站外，有東北向西南漸濃分佈之趨勢；O3則是盆地中心區域濃度較低，週邊山區數值較高。
在氣候環境因子方面，風速對於氣體狀的空氣污染指標具有降低濃度的效果，尤其是O3在夏天受到明顯的影響，當風從東方吹送時，污染物濃度較低，但是當南風或西南風盛行時，空氣品質較差。氣溫26℃以上時O3濃度較高，雨天則PM10及O3較低。PSI於不同季節受不同地面環境因子影響，例如春冬受距河流距離影響，夏秋受綠化量影響。PM10則受監測站周遭的開闊度、綠化量及距河流遠近因子影響，尤其是綠化量越高，PM10就越低。O3與監測高度明顯相關，在夏天則不受地面環境因子影響。CO、SO2與監測站高度、測站周圍開闊度、綠化量、離道路、河流距離等地面環境因子顯著相關。綠化都市中心區域對淨化空氣污染的效果比在都市外圍地區增加綠地的效果更好，因此本研究建議在台北盆地西南邊，如板橋、土城、新莊、萬華、三重、菜寮等地區在腹地狹窄地方配合河流水道等建立風廊，並利用建築物排列引導風的流動，並在其下風處多設置公園綠地，以攔截空氣污染物，尤其是應在污染源半徑一公里範圍內設置大量的綠地帶動城市空氣流動以淨化空氣品質。
According to the World Health Organization, more than 750,000 deaths can be attributed to air pollution-caused diseases around the world annually; with 537,000 of them in Asia. Previous researches have pointed out that vegetation can be used to purify air pollution. Past researches have studied the benefit of various kinds of urban vegetation in improving air quality through laboratory experiments or the effect of green space surrounding monitoring stations on air quality, but those discussions didn’t include other factors that affect air quality, such as seasonal change and land cover. The purpose of this study is to discuss the relationship between green space and the temporal and spatial variation in air quality. The study analyzes the temporal and spatial variations in air quality in Taipei area (2003-2005) using statistical methods and GIS, and attempts to address the influence of greenness on air quality. The results show that PSI and O3 have higher temporal variation, whereas PM10, CO and SO2 have higher spatial variation. In terms of temporal homogeneity, air qualities in Taipei area are more homogeneous during the summer and winter. Air quality in fall and winter is better than in spring and summer. In terms of spatial distribution, PSI, PM10, CO and SO2 have a distribution with a Northeast to Southwest trend with the exclusion of Yong He Station, and the concentration of O3 is lower in the central area than in the suburbs of Taipei Basin.
In terms of meteorological factors, higher wind speed can decrease gaseous pollutant obviously especially O3 in summer. Air quality can be purified when wind flow comes from east, but it would be worse when the wind flows from south or southwest. O3 is higher when the temperature is above 26℃ and rain can cleanse PM10 and O3. In terms of spatial environmental factors, PSI is influenced by different factors in each season, such as distance from river in winter and spring, and greenness in summer and fall. PM10 is affected by openness, greenness and distance from river. It is evident that O3 is related to monitoring height and is not significantly related to spatial environmental factors in summer. CO and SO2 are correlated to monitoring height, openness, greenness, and distance from river or road are highly. Results also show that higher greenness in urban areas have better effect of improving air quality than in the suburbs. Buildings and green spaces should be positioned in conjunction with existing river wind corridors to create wind flow patterns that help disperse pollutants, and abundant green spaces should be allocated down wind, especially within a 1 km radius of pollution sources to lower their effects on neighboring areas. |
