| 摘要: | 人民參與審判制度，在制度的討論上，相較於亞洲其他國家，如日本及韓國，對於大陸制度的討論較少。實際上，人民參與審判制度，一直是兩岸在討論司法改革時，各自重要的議題。如今兩岸皆發展人民參與審判制度，並有針對該制度的獨立法規，差別在於台灣尚未正式施行。在制度發展目的上，兩岸極為相似。台灣依照2020年立法的國民法官法，施行國民法官制度，立法目的係為提升司法透明度，反映國民正當法律感情，增進國民對於司法之瞭解及信賴；大陸以2018年立法的人民陪審員法為首，發展人民陪審員制度，制度目的在於促進司法公正，提升司法公信。
人民從進入審判到退出，選任制度是關鍵，可以將其當成一齣舞台劇，開場由選任資格負責，接著是選任程序的上場，最後由職務免除負責閉幕。選任資格的演出內容，主要呈現擔任人民法官，須具備之積極資格與消極資格要件；選任程序，則呈現個案人民法官產生過程；職務免除展示人民法官退出審判的方式。
由於大陸在人民陪審員法立法前，人民參與審判制度已行之有年，因此在人民陪審員法的立法過程，有考量在過去實踐中，所遇到的問題。台灣與大陸，在國民法官與人民陪審員的選任制度設計上，可歸納出相同之處，但具體內容有所差異。本文將透過介紹兩岸人民法官選任制度，並透過比較方式，找出可相互借鑑之處，給予台灣與大陸人民法官選任制度的建議。
Compared with other Asian countries, such as Japan and South Korea, there is less discussion on civic participation in a court system of China. In point of fact, the system of civic engagement in trials has always been an important issue in the process of the cross-strait judicial reform. Nowadays, both sides of the Taiwan Strait have developed their own specific laws to regulate a citizen’s participation in a judicial system with the difference being that the Taiwanese system has not come into force yet. Both sides of the Taiwan Strait share similar purposes on the development of jury systems. According to the National Judge Act enacted in 2020, the purpose of implementing a lay judge system in Taiwan is to promote judicial transparency and to enhance citizens’ understanding and trust in judiciary. Whereas, as specified in the People’s Assessors Law, the purpose of implementing the people’s jury system in China is to promote judicial justice and to enhance judicial credibility.
A well-regulated selection system is the key factor throughout civic participation in a trial. A selection process can be divided into different phases like a stage play: becoming an actor with proper qualifications, undergoing selection procedures, and dismissing from the final play. The performance content in the first act mainly presents the positive and negative qualifications required to serve as a lay judge, and then the selection procedure shows the process of producing individual lay judge. Lastly, the removal of posts shows the way how a lay judge withdraws from a trial.
Before the People’s Assessor Law was enacted in China, citizens’ participation in trials had been practiced for many years, and the problems encountered in the past practices were drawn on the legislative process of the People’s Assessor Law. Taiwan and China have similarities in the design of the selection system of national judges and people’s assessors, but the specific contents are different. This article will introduce the selection systems of lay judges on both sides of the Taiwan Strait and compare each other to conclude advice on the selection systems of lay judges in Taiwan and China. |
