| 摘要: | 隨著進入21世紀，社會及經濟轉型的同時去工業化、郊區化、人口老齡化等一系列城市問題接踵而來。並且從上世紀開始在歐美許多國家及地區都出現了不同程度的城市收縮現象，而在城市收縮類型中多以資源枯竭型城市及工業城市尤為突出。目前在中國城市收縮現象也逐漸加重，尤其以中國東北地區城市更為顯著。
城市收縮的主要表現為由去工業化、郊區化、老齡化和社會結構轉型等原因導致的城市人口總量減少、產業經濟衰退及閒置空地的增加等現象，相關研究在歐美等發達國家已經引起廣泛關注。但關於收縮城市及城市收縮的準確定義仍處於一個爭論階段，並且目前相關研究多以人口變遷作為測量判斷的依據，對城市收縮的動因、演變、整體特徵及城市空間結構變化方面鮮有研究。並且眾多研究多以城市群這一大尺度範圍作為研究對象，對城市收縮給城市帶來的城市空間變化相關研究更是少之甚少。
而隨著改革開放經濟發展，中國的城市發生著巨大的變化，中國城市發展出現一系列的新結構性變化，在這一新常態下城市增長與收縮現象將同時發生。正如一切生物體一樣，發展與衰變都將是與時俱進，不斷變化的。因此，城市發展產出了不同的格局走向，而以工業為依託的中國東北老工業城市面臨更為巨大的挑戰，產業轉型、勞動人口大量外流、人口老齡化、城區空屋化等都呈現出城市的收縮現象。那麼，這種收縮現象造成的城市空間新變化又將是如何發展的呢？城區空間的收縮又以何種方式進行的呢？單一以人口作為判斷城市收縮很難深入瞭解城市因收縮而帶來的空間結構變化。而在這一變化過程背後又將呈現怎樣的城市空間結構關係的變化呢？隨之而來對於城市的發展以及空間格局又將形成怎樣的新格局呢？在眾多正在收縮著的城市中，以地域或地質性區域是否具有著相同或相似的收縮變化規律嗎？
因此，本文以典型的資源枯竭型東北老工業城市——撫順市作為研究對象，旨在找出影響城市收縮及城市收縮下城市空間結構變化關係，從而梳理可判讀影響城市收縮空間要素。本文研究內容不僅採用傳統的社會、人口、經濟等數據進行傳統的量化分析，還將利用衛星遙感影像收集城市空間數據，並結合Arc GIS疊圖來判斷撫順市在過去三十年間城市整體格局變化，以及目前城市收縮的程度及狀況。但本文最重要的是希望通過利用社會網絡關係分析原理及方法審視城市的發展態勢，來進一步分析撫順市城市近三十年間城市空間網絡結構關係的變遷過程，以及在城市由於產業轉型而造成的緊縮趨勢的城市空間型態。且通過對城市中心城區整體、區域和社區三個不同尺度空間的網絡關係進行探討，以城市市區交通、住區、學校、工廠、醫院及公共設施空間等多維度城市生活要素所構成的不同時期的城市空間網絡關係模型進行比較。進而分析1990年至2020年間4個時期城市整體空間網絡模型及結構特徵，其次是2000年至2020年的5個時期的區域和社區空間網絡模型和結構關係特徵之比較，最後對社區空間網絡模型中住區與不同空間要素的關係變化特徵分析進行探討。從而總結撫順市在過去三十年間在城市收縮下的城市空間關係變化及空間網絡結構之特徵，並對城市收縮的概念、形成及類型進行解釋，提出收縮城市是城市自生長的空間表現。同時，試圖從解析東北老工業城市收縮和演進過程中，找出空間結構關係變化對城市收縮產生的重要影響因素，進而為未來收縮城市的判讀、規劃及治理提出可借鑑性啟示。
With the advent of the 21st century, a series of urban problems, such as deindustrialization, suburbanization, and the aging of the population, have come one after another in the process of social and economic transformation. And since the last century in Europe and the United States, many countries and regions have appeared the phenomenon of urban contraction to varying degrees, and most of the urban contraction types are resource-exhausted cities and industrial cities in particular. At present, the phenomenon of urban contraction in China is gradually increasing, especially in the cities of northeast China.
The main manifestations of urban contraction are the total urban population reduction, industrial economic recession, vacant development land, and other phenomena caused by de-industrialization, suburbanization, aging, and social structure transformation. Related researches have aroused wide attention in developed countries such as Europe and America. However, the exact definition of shrinking city and urban contraction is still in a stage of the debate, and at present, most of the relevant researches take population change as the basis of measurement and judgment, and there are few types of research on the causes, evolution, overall characteristics and changes of the urban spatial structure of urban contraction. Besides, most of the studies focus on the large scale of urban agglomeration and even less on the urban spatial change brought by urban contraction.
With the development of the reform and opening up the economy, China's cities have undergone tremendous changes, and a series of new structural changes have taken place in China's urban development. Under this new normal, urban growth and contraction will occur simultaneously. As with all living organisms, development and decay will be progressive and changing. Therefore, urban development has produced different pattern trends, while the old industrial cities in northeast China, which rely on industry, are facing greater challenges. Industrial transformation, the large outflow of labor population, aging of the population, and empty housing in urban areas all present urban contraction phenomenon. So, how will the new changes in urban space caused by this shrinking phenomenon develop? And in what way does the contraction between cities take place? It is difficult to deeply understand the spatial structure changes caused by urban contraction based on population alone. What kind of changes in urban spatial structure relations will be presented behind this change process? What kind of new pattern will be formed for the development and spatial pattern of the city? Is there the same or similar pattern of shrinkage in geographical or geological areas among many shrinking cities?
Therefore, this paper takes Fushun, a typical resource-exhausted old industrial city in northeast China, as the research object, to find out the relationship between urban contraction and the change of urban spatial structure under urban contraction, to sort out the factors influencing urban contraction that can be interpreted. This paper not only uses traditional quantitative analysis of social, demographic, and economic data but also uses satellite remote sensing images to collect urban spatial data and combines with Arc GIS overlay to judge the change of the overall urban pattern of Fushun city in the past 30 years, as well as the extent and status of the current urban contraction. Last hope through the use of social network analysis principle and method of examining the development of the city, to further analysis of Fushun city in recent 30 years the changes of the urban space network process, and the city caused by industrial transformation tightening of city space forms, and through to the city center city, region as a whole and discusses the three spatial dimensions, such as the community in the downtown of the city traffic, housing, public facilities and urban residential city life elements of social network relation model. Furthermore, the change patterns and structural characteristics of urban spatial networks at different scales from 2000 to 2020 are analyzed. This paper discusses the urban spatial relationship and social network relationship characteristics of the old industrial cities in northeast China. The concept, formation, and type of urban contraction are explained, and the shrinkage city is the spatial manifestation of urban self-growth. At the same time, this paper tries to analyze the shrinkage and evolution of old industrial cities in northeast China and find out the important influencing factors of spatial structure on urban shrinkage, to provide reference enlightenment for the future interpretation, planning, and governance of shrinking cities. |
