論外國投資人與地主國國際投資仲裁機制中之反訴及相關義務

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題名:	論外國投資人與地主國國際投資仲裁機制中之反訴及相關義務 The Study on Counterclaim and Related Obligations in the Investor-To-State International Investment Arbitration Mechanism
作者:	蔡昀昕
貢獻者:	法律學系
關鍵詞:	國際投資仲裁國際投資協定國際投資爭端國際法義務監管規制權投資規則人權規則環境規則爭端解決反訴 International Investment Arbitration International Investment Agreements International Investment Disputes International Legal Obligations Regulatory Powers Investment Rules Human Rights Rules Environmental Rules Dispute Settlement Counterclaims
日期:	2022
上傳時間:	2023-03-01 10:57:22 (UTC+8)
摘要:	晚近國際投資中越來越多加強地主國監管規制權以維護公共利益與保障人權環境的呼籲和行動，地主國、外國投資人、第三方法庭之友，紛紛在國際投資仲裁中提出人權或環境權等公共利益方面的意見，致國際投資仲裁庭需要面對相關問題；尤其是地主國人權抗辯、環境權抗辯與有關反訴的發展，表現出國際投資法律保護機制存在著某種程度的缺失而正面臨著改革挑戰，並因此衍生出投資規則與人權、環境權規則的適用衝突問題。然而除了與國際投資爭端有關聯的人權或環境權等公共利益爭端外，其實國際投資仲裁庭並非處理人權或環境權等類爭端的合理機構，惟國際人權法與國際環境法或可做為國際投資爭端的準據法，且與時俱進，國際投資協定中建議也可訂定人權或環境權等公共利益條款。近期的國際投資仲裁裁決皆已承認國際投資仲裁庭對反訴具有管轄權，並肯認外國投資人得做為國際法義務下的義務主體，因此亦應遵循相關義務。惟單就國際法或地主國國內法課予外國投資人義務並不會構成國際投資協定的違反，仍須視其是否具有準據法規定對外國投資人課予相應義務。因此，若欲顛覆國際投資協定傳統的不對稱性，使地主國得就外國投資人在其領土內的不當行為請求負擔損害賠償責任，追根究底仍須透過修訂個別國際投資協定，在爭端解決章節中直接加入外國投資人的義務，或在準據法條款中增訂外國投資人有遵守國際法或地主國國內法的協定義務，地主國方有成功主張反訴的可能。雖然將外國投資人的實質義務加入國際投資協定規範，可能削弱外國投資人進行國際投資的動機，進而對地主國經濟造成不利益，但近年來由於已開發國家外國投資人大量運用地主國與外國投資人間爭端解決國際投資仲裁機制，使國際投資協定的不對稱性已對經濟弱勢的開發中國家造成極大威脅，因此在經濟發展與重視人權、環境等重要非經濟價值的權衡下，增訂此類規範，使外國投資人盡其社會責任而負擔相關義務，實具必要性。 In international investment, calls to action have increasingly been issued to strengthen the supervisory power of landlord countries, safeguard public interests, and protect human rights and the environment. Landlord countries, foreign investors, and friends of the court as third parties have all raised the topics of human rights, the environment, and other public interests during international investment arbitration. The international investment arbitration tribunal must address these topics, especially the development of landlords’ human rights and environmental defenses as well as related counterclaims. This indicates a lack of legal protection mechanisms for international investment. Reform has resulted in conflict regarding the application of investment, human rights, and environmental rules. With the exception of public interest disputes, such as international investment disputes over human rights or the environment, the international investment arbitration tribunal is not suited for handling human rights and similar public interest disputes. However, international human rights law and environmental law may be used as standards for international investment disputes. To comply with the law and keep pace with changing times, international investment agreements and treaties have required that public interest clauses, such as those for human and environmental rights, be created. International investment arbitration awards have demonstrated that the international investment arbitration tribunal has jurisdiction over counterclaims and that foreign investors are subject to under international law and should therefore comply with related legal obligations. However, the obligations of foreign investors based solely on international law or the domestic law of the landlord country do not violate the international investment agreement, and foreign investors remain subject to corresponding obligations if landlord countries have applicable laws. Therefore, to subvert the traditional asymmetry of international investment agreements and enable landlord countries to claim liability for damages from foreign investors’ misconduct in their territory, individual international investment agreements must be amended to resolve disputes. The chapter directly includes the obligations of foreign investors or adds to the applicable legal clauses regarding foreign investors’ obligation to abide by international law or the domestic law of the landlord country; furthermore, the landlord country may successfully file a counterclaim. Although the inclusion of substantive obligations for foreign investors in international investment agreements may weaken their motivation to invest and thus negatively affect the landlord’s economy, economically successful countries have numerous foreign investors. The international investment arbitration mechanism has made the asymmetry of international investment agreements considerably threatening to economically disadvantaged countries. Therefore, to balance economic development and human rights, a category for environmental values and other key noneconomic values is used. Regulations are required for foreign investors to fulfill their social responsibilities and related obligations.
顯示於類別:	[法律學系暨法律學研究所] 博碩士論文

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