| 摘要: | 近代西方法籍符號學、後結構主義學者，克莉斯蒂娃（Julia Kristeva），她提出「互文性（intertextuality）」的文學理論，她指出任何文本的建構過程，都為引言的鑲嵌組合，文本與語言間的關係，是諸文本的排列和置換。臺灣互文學者許端容先生則以此互文概念延異，結合《莊子》與德希達（Jacques Derrida）的解構理論，破除邏各斯中心主義（logocentrism），對《莊子》中的寓言文本，提出「互文書寫」的理論。文本間往往存有吸收、借用、置換、移位、拆解、反仿等互文書寫關係，如同以符碼（codes）溝通作者與讀者。莊子生活在先秦戰國時期，《莊子》集結成書不晚於戰國末期，其書分內篇與外、雜篇，內篇率由莊子本人所著。外、雜篇，為後學舖衍集結而成。《莊子》一書義理在文本中多處異文，同論一理，呈現義理的互文現象。因此，本文將以互文書寫概念，探究《莊子》內篇與外、雜篇的互文關係，梳理莊書「困境」、「解構」、「重塑」義理的三大命題。
本論文共分為六章，第一章緒論，說明論文研究動機與目的，立基於中西學者相關論題的成果多處異文。再錨定研究範圍及與研究方法，本文將採文本研究，以《莊子》的寓言文本為研究文本，並側重於《莊子》本人所著的內七篇。第二章研究背景與名詞解釋，將分節敘述莊子其人其書，以及西方後結構主義學者克莉斯蒂娃（Julia Kristeva）互文性理論（intertextuality）。由於《莊子》言說恢恑憰怪，寓言中的寓言文本真實性有待考察，故本論文將以《莊子》為核心，佐以時代背景論證義理命題，輔以《老子》、《論語》等先秦思想典籍。考察諸寓言文本的立意，以及橫向產生的互文書寫關係，進一步延異出互文超延異義的道義。
主文論述《莊子》寓言文本的概況。本論文將《莊子》文本梳理為「困境」、「解構」、「重塑」三大命題。互文書寫策略，本文透過諸多異文同理互文，為超越舖墊，進而從理中超延異而得道義。第三章生命困境的荒謬與迷陽的人間世，賦予其詩性命題，助於保留與《莊子》寓言文本的文本距離，互文所生義理是文本橫向串接與縱向繼承的過程，不宜綑綁拘泥於單一寓言文本。因此，本章中亦概述《莊子》寓言中的普遍困境，寓言文本所歸結的困境，或困於荒謬的心智，或逐於形體之物，或刑於生命的有限性。
第四章將起於由一分二後所生成的對立，互文的過程宛若陰陽二氣的化分，一與道之有別，若對中心主義的破除，道不直接生成萬物，氣無待於道，而道又內涵萬物。道只任萬物自生任化、自適自得。互文書寫策略在《莊子》書中處處留有蹤跡，更具有人間世的普遍性，為次章鋪墊道無所不在。
第五章重塑逍遙與聖王的理想世界。《莊子》所修練的功夫基礎，在於塑己修身，治世內涵道義。於己養生以臻逍遙，安形、安心、安化，是逍遙自適，於國家是聖王治世，無待於仁義禮法。第六章結語，總結互文書寫策略的特點與侷限性，以明互文書寫與《莊子》寓言文本的卮言、重言、寓言的道通為一。釐清《莊子》文本中所呈現人間世困境的各種層面。次之，梳理其解構困境的思維進程。觀照其重塑逍遙境界與聖王治世的理想。
Julia Kristeva, a scholar of modern Western French semiotics and post-structuralism, put forward the literary theory of "intertextuality". She pointed out that the construction process of any text is a mosaic combination of introductions; the relationship between text and language is the arrangement and replacement of texts. Taiwanese intertextual scholar, Tuan-Jung Hsu, used the concept of intertextual differentiation, combined with the deconstruction theories of Zhuangzi and Jacques Derrida, to get rid of logocentrism.To the allegorical text in Zhuangzi, Hsu put forward the theory of "intertextual writing". There are often intertextual writing relationships such as absorption, borrowing, replacement, displacement, dismantling, and anti-imitation between texts, just like the use of codes to communicate between authors and readers. Zhuangzi lived in the pre-Qin and Warring States period. Zhuangzi’s philosophy was then compiled into a book no later than the end of the Warring States period. The book is divided into inner chapters, outer chapters, and miscellaneous chapters. The inner chapters are mostly written by Zhuangzi himself. The outer and miscellaneous chapters are assembled for later study. There are many different texts in the text of "Zhuangzi", presenting the same theory in the same way, and showing the phenomenon of intertextuality of the meaning and theory. Therefore, this article will use the concept of intertextual writing to explore the intertextual relationship between the inner and outer, and miscellaneous chapters of Zhuangzi as well as sort out the three major propositions of Zhuangshu's "dilemma", "deconstruction" and "remodeling".
This dissertation is divided into six chapters. The first chapter is an introduction, which explains the motivation and purpose of the dissertation. It is based on the achievements of Chinese and Western scholars on related topics. Anchoring further to the research scope and research methods, this paper will adopt text research, take the allegorical text of Zhuangzi as the research text, and focus on the inner seven chapters written by Zhuangzi himself. The second chapter studies the background and terminology and describes Zhuangzi and his books in sections. It also looks at the intertextuality theory of Julia Kristeva, a Western post-structuralist scholar. Since Zhuangzi's speeches are very strange, the authenticity of the fables in the fables needs to be investigated. This thesis will take Zhuangzi as the core, supporting the historical background to demonstrate the meaning proposition, supplemented by the pre-Qin thought classics such as Laozi and The Analects of Confucius. This is done by examining the conception of various allegorical texts and the intertextual writing relationship generated horizontally, the morality of intertextuality, super-definement and different meanings further differentiated.
The main article discusses the general situation of the allegorical text of Zhuangzi. This thesis sorts out the text of Zhuangzi into three major propositions: "dilemma", "deconstruction" and "remodeling". Complementing the meaning is to make up for the lack of meaning, seeing the meaning is to use many different texts to empathize with each other, and using different texts to see each other with the same reason, to pave the way for transcendence, and then to obtain morality from the super-difference in the principle. Chapter three focuses on the absurdity of life's predicament and the elusive world of the sun to give it a poetic proposition, which helps to preserve the textual distance from the allegorical text of "Zhuangzi". Binding is tied to a single allegorical text. Therefore, this chapter also outlines the general predicament in the fables of Zhuangzi, and the dilemma that the allegorical text boils down to, either trapped in absurd minds, driven by physical things, or punished by the finitude of life.
The fourth chapter will start from the opposition created by the division of one into two. This set of intertextual writing strategies has left traces everywhere in Zhuangzi, and it is more universal in the human world, paving the way for the second chapter to be omnipresent.
The fifth chapter reshapes the ideal world of Xiaoyao and the Holy King. The foundation of kung fu practiced in "Zhuangzi" lies in self-cultivation and morality in governing the world. For one's own health, it is to achieve happiness, peace of mind, peace, leisure and self-comfort, and for the country, it is a sage king to rule the world, with no need for benevolence, righteousness, etiquette and law. The sixth chapter concludes the text, summarizing the characteristics and limitations of the intertextual writing strategy, bringing intertextual writing and the allegory of the text of Zhuangzi as one philosophy. Clarification is brought to the various levels of the plight of the human world presented in the text of Zhuangzi. Secondly, the thinking process of deconstructing the predicament is sorted out. Lastly, observations are made about his ideals of reshaping the happy realm and the sage king ruling the world. |
