遙控無人機之法制研究—以隱私權保護為中心

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题名:	遙控無人機之法制研究—以隱私權保護為中心 A study on the Legal Regime of Drone: Focusing on Privacy Protection
作者:	謝昀輯
贡献者:	法律學系碩士在職專班
关键词:	遙控無人機隱私權合理隱私期待民用航空法全球定位系統 Drone Right of Privacy Expectation of privacy Civil Aviation Act Global Positioning System
日期:	2022
上传时间:	2023-02-21 10:26:20 (UTC+8)
摘要:	自2019年3月31日，臺灣遙控無人機正式成為「民用航空法」管理對象，主管機關臺灣交通部民用航空局為杜絕近年來多起由遙控無人機造成的飛行安全問題，在制度設計上，採取中央與地方分權管理的模式；在身分上，分為9級證照許可制；在行為上，則採取限制飛行高度、目視距離、夜間禁行、依法納保等規範，從制度面控管遙控無人機風險，減少災害事故的發生。然而，理想化的分權管理機制缺乏考量主管機關與地方政府的行政資源等因素，影響遙控無機操作人對於遵守相關規範的意願。現實上，再肩負遙控無人機的取締工作，亦使得原先就業務繁重的警察機關，更陷入效率不彰的困境，從而讓操作人心存僥倖，產生違法飛行或使遙控無人機操作風險增加，並涉及他人乃至公共安全等危險行為。本研究鑒於遙控無人機相較於其他監控設備所具有的移動特性，認為以現行法制，如民用航空法遙控無人機專章、民法第184條、刑法第315條等規範，尚不足以妥善解決操作人在遠處使用遙控無人機於高空中監控對象的問題；因此提出「遙控無人機涉及侵害隱私權」的核心研究，並從司法院釋字第689號解釋中，引入美國法「合理隱私期待」概念、與臺灣高等法院104年度上易字第352號刑事判決提及之「馬賽克理論」概念，作為填補現行法密度不足的依據。同時，本研究亦呼籲主管機關盡速修訂民用航空法，納入隱私權相關規定，以積極面對新興科技，如：第五代行動通訊技術、高倍率鏡頭或成像技術、具雷達吸波功能之隱形塗料等議題。關鍵字：遙控無人機、隱私權、合理隱私期待、馬賽克理論、民用航空法、全球定位系統 The purpose of Taiwan’s Civil Aviation Act on drone is to insure flight safety, set by Civil Aeronautics Administration, Ministry of Transportation and Communications, since March 31, 2019. On system planning, decentralized control pattern has been developed in the central and local governments. Nine-level certificates have been issued. Limitations on flight altitude, visible distance, night traffic line, insurance coverage would manage the safety risk for drone operation and decrease accidents. However, lack of consideration on the capability and ability of the central and local governments for decentralized control system has led to an unwillingness to comply with relevant regulations. The police agency faces difficulties maintaining work efficiency performances involving hazardous drone clampdown and extreme heavy workload at the same time. Under the circumstances, illegal activities and a substantial increase in the risk of operating drone causes more threats to public and individuals safety. The current regulations, including Civil Aviation Act, Civil Code, and Criminal Law, solve the issues incompletely of monitoring individuals at a distance by drones from operators because of its specialized mobile command. This study focuses on privacy protection from drones, in accordance with Judicial Yuan’s J.Y. Interpretation No. 689, US Law’s Reasonable Expectation of Privacy concepts, Taiwan High Court’s Criminal Sentence No. 352 (2015-Shan-Yi-Tze), and Mosaic Theory, to enhance the current regulation enforcement. In this regard, it encourages the government agencies to amend existing regulations to suit the need of privacy protection in the new technology era, e.g. 5G, invisible paints with radar-absorbing materials, macro lens, and imaging technique. Keywords: drone, privacy, reasonable expectation of privacy, Mosaic theory, Civil Aviation Act, Global positioning system.
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