脫北者相關政策與衍生問題研究-以中國、韓國為中心-

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Title:	脫北者相關政策與衍生問題研究-以中國、韓國為中心- A Study on Policy and Related Issues towards North Korean Defectors -Focused on China and Korea-
Authors:	林靜苡
Contributors:	韓國語文學系
Keywords:	北韓脫北者脫北者政策脫北者問題社會適應
Date:	2021
Issue Date:	2021-03-05 10:53:06 (UTC+8)
Abstract:	北韓，是當今少數封閉又集權的獨裁國家。1990年代，北韓經濟瀕臨崩盤，中央配給制失衡，許多北韓人為了維持生計出走北韓，成為了「脫北者」。而首當其衝的即為中國，因為語言及與北韓相鄰的地理因素，而成為脫北者的首選，致使中國被迫面對大量脫北者。滯留在中國的脫北者面臨被強制遣返的危機，也引發了一系列社會治安問題。選擇經由中國前往第三國尋求其他途徑進入韓國的脫北者亦不在少數，在脫北的過程中，脫北者衍生的種種問題影響其出入之相關國家，而相關國家的種種應對措施受到國際間各組織關注，成為重要議題之一。南韓政府為脫北者制定相關法律，提供多項福利政策，2005年政策方向從「保護」轉向「自力更生」。雖然脫北者有政府給予的援助，但南韓與北韓制度、文化、社會的極端差異使脫北者不被認同，南韓社會的忽略和歧視更是令脫北者難以融入其中。現行脫北者相關政策的盲點，使得脫北者無法及時獲得合宜的協助與支持，衍伸成社會悲歌。因此，南韓政府也重新審視當前的脫北者相關政策、社福措施，並對於相關問題一同進行商討與應對。脫北者就像飛蛾撲火，撲著象徵自由的燈火，代價是數不盡的犧牲和夢想的破滅，脫北者的悲慘遭遇使得這個獨特的群體受到國際的矚目。不管是在中國、蒙古、東南亞國家，還是在南韓，「活下去」一直是脫北者的心中最大的期盼。 North Korea is one of the few closed and totalitarian dictatorships today. In the 1990’s, North Korea's economy was on the verge of collapse and the dispensary system was out of balance. Many North Koreans left North Korea in order to survive and became "North Korean defectors." China was the first to bear the brunt, which has become the first choice for North Korean defectors due to its similar language and proximity to North Korea, forced them to face a large number of North Korean defectors. The defectors stranded in China also faceing a crisis of forcible repatriation, which has also caused a series of social security problems. There are also many defectors choosed to go to a third country via China to find other ways to enter South Korea. In the process of defecting North Korea, various problems arising from the defectors affect the relevant countries they once Entry and exit. On this point, various countermeasures of relevant countries are one of the important issues that international organizations pay attention to. The South Korean government formulated relevant laws and provided various welfare policies for defectors. In 2005, the policy direction changed from "protection" to "self-reliance." Although the defectors have government assistance, the extreme differences in the systems, culture, and society between South Korea and North Korea make the defectors not identify by the South Korea society, the neglect and discrimination make it difficult for defectors to integrate into it. But the blind spots in current policies related to defectors makes it impossible for them to gain appropriate assistance and support, which has become a social tragedy. Therefore, the South Korean government has also reviewed the current policies and social welfare measures for defectors, and discussed and responded to related issues together. The defectors are like moths to the fire, fluttering with the lights that symbolize freedom, and the price was countless sacrifice and beauty of dreams fades, the tragic experience of defectors made this unique group attract international attention. Whether in China, Mongolia, Southeast Asian countries, or South Korea, "surviving" has always been the biggest hope in the hearts of defectors.
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