| 摘要: | 傳統中國的首都及其長官制度，在唐朝以前始終在中央和地方政府之間徘徊，唐朝時以中央官兼京兆尹的方式，朝中央化邁進一步，北宋透過制訂「在京諸法」的方式，確立首都特區地位，知府為中央官，不過因強本弱末國策之故，知府的權力僅限開封城內，是首都特區首長；南宋初期，因宋金靖康—建炎戰爭，失去包括首都開封府在內的四京府，中央政府陸續遷徙，從揚州、建康府，最終在臨安府（杭州）底定，為表示不忘收復失土的政治宣示，僅稱「行在所」，實則為南宋國都，形成行都臨安府、陪都建康府的兩都體制。
南宋的首都及其長官制度，與北宋不盡相同，為因應戰爭或備戰體制，臨安府除繼承北宋末兼安撫司與兵馬總管制度，還因寺監裁併的關係，部分原屬寺監的單位轉隸臨安府，外交方面於紹興和議後承辦宋金外交庶務、皇宮與中央衙署的建築工程、供給中央所需物資、執行東南會子的兌換等工作，成為中央承辦事務機構，知府多從中央、浙漕調任，以減少出缺時間；長官制度，有別於北宋權知開封府、開封府界提點公事的內、外分權，知府的權力更為集中，藉由例兼安撫使，掌握城內、外（京畿/浙西路）民政，在城內則掌握軍權、警察權、司法權，在事先知會朝廷的情況下可調動三衙禁軍；除兼任安撫使外，知府一職也多由兩浙路轉運司、中央六部、寺監長貳兼知，地位較北宋權知開封府高，知府一職也被視為「輔弼之儲」，被當作遷轉考核的職位。
臨安府置司臨安城內，知府的寄祿官最低階為朝官，是理所當然的中央官、常參官，掌握朝廷事權，地位顯要，無可避免會被捲入中央政局，除因職權需要而參加的朝議、典禮儀式，知府的人事任命亦與皇帝、宰執意向密切，包括「宗子維城」思想而多以宗室士大夫知臨安府、皇帝表態、權相柄國的政治黨派等方面予以展現其政治相貌；再藉由知府的任命制書、辭免表、不允詔，得以窺知皇帝對知府施政的期望。
都市事務方面，施政深受朝廷、皇帝意志影響，主要表現在社會福利；都市建設，歷任知府大多延續前任而逐步修、改、增築，直到淳祐年間，由在任最久的知府趙與????集大成，進行全面整建，奠定晚宋臨安城風貌，使後繼者難以望其項背。轄下士民對知府的評價，無論好壞，都相當直接、主觀。
南宋臨安知府制度，在北宋開封知府制度的基礎上更進一步，開啟後世元總管府路、明清京師體制的先河，也是我國直轄市舊制的先聲。
Traditional Chinese capital and leader system, wander up and down between central authorities and local government all the time before the Tang Dynasty, promise way of Yin by central officer and concurrently Beijing in the the Tang Dynasty, take, march towards one towards central authorities, through making in Northern Song Dynasty ' establish the position of special zone in the capital in the way of all laws of Beijing ', Magistrates is as the central officer, but because the reason of the end state basic policy that strong this is weak, know the power of the office only restricts in Kaifeng, it is a leader of special zone of capital; Will it be initial stage the Southern Song Dynasty, because gold Song pacify health, build the intersection of inflammation and war, lose including capital Kaifeng office 4 Beijing office, the central government migrates successively, from Yangzhou, build the health office, in Linan office (Hangzhou) finally Establish, in order to show that does not forget to recover the politics which loses the soil to declare, only claim ' walk here ', it is the Southern Song Dynasty actually the country forms and walks two systems of building health office of offices, cities established as a second capital besides the capital in Linan.
Capital and leader system of the Southern Song Dynasty, and not the same in Northern Song Dynasty, strive in order to meet an enemy attack or prepare for the system, Linan office is except inheriting the end in Northern Song Dynasty and concurrently pacifying the system of person in over-all charge of department and army riffraff, the relation cut down and merge because of the temple prison, belong to the unit supervised in temple originally to transfer partly to and is subordinate to Linan office, undertake the Song diplomatic general affairs of the money after continuing and revitalizing peace talks in diplomacy, imperial palace and central the intersection of government and construction work, supply central necessary goods and materials, can carry out southeast work of exchanging etc. of son of administration, undertake the affairs organization as the central authorities, Magistrates is transferred to from central authorities, Zhejiang Cao more, in order to reduce the time of falling vacant; Leader system,it different from knowing right by Kaifeng office Northern Song Dynasty, Kaifeng office circle last that some public affair inside, outside fraction, the power to know office is more centralized, and concurrently pacify and enable with the example, in, outside grasp the city (the capital city and its environs / Zhejiang West Road) Civil administration, know military power, police's right, judicial power in the city, can shift three governments to prohibit the army on condition that notify the imperial court in advance; Besides hold concurrentlying and pacifying enabling, know office one job transship department, central 6, temple, supervise long two and concurrently know by two Zhejiang way more even, status right know the intersection of Kaifeng and office to be high than Northern Song Dynasty, know office one job consider as too, transferred to the position examined as moving. Linan office puts in department Linan, it is dynasty officers that the one that knows the office sends officer's lowest steps of emolument, it is a natural central officer, often joining the officer, grasp the duties and responsibilities of imperial court, the status is powerful and influential, will involve central political situation in while being unavoidable, participate in towards discuss, ceremony ceremony because the functions and powers need, personnel to know office appoint also with emperor, kill, insist on to close, thought of including but court official know the intersection of Linan and office and emperor show and the intersection of political party,etc. and that right hold state power represent their political appearances with imperial clan more; And then by knowing to make the book, decline avoiding tables, not permitting instructing, peep and know the emperor is to the expectation knowing the office is administrative in appointment of the office.
City affairs, it is influenced by wills of imperial court, emperor deeply to manage government affairs, mainly display in the social welfare; The construction of city, know to mostly extend predecessors and repair, change successively, build again progressively in the office, in the period of helping until being pure, let what has been let at most know by office Zhao and? ? Comprehensive expression of, go on in an allround way building exactly, establish late Song Linan the intersection of city and style and features, make heir hope his person's back while being difficult. Have jurisdiction over corporals the people to knowing the appraisal of the office, no matter is fine or not, it is quite direct, subjective. Know the system of the office in Linan in the Southern Song Dynasty, go still one step further on the basis that Northern Song Dynasty knows the system of the office in Kaifeng, open later age yuans of the intersection of person in over-all charge and the intersection of office and way, Ming and Qing Dynasties the intersection of capital of a country and beginning of system, of our country the intersection of municipality directly under the Central Government and first sign of old system too. |
