This paper establishes an industrial upgrading model by dividing the industrial upgrading process into two: the foundation-construction and industrial upgrading stages. Eighty-one sample countries, from 2006 to 2012, were divided into two groups according to their degree of market freedom. The meta-frontier method was employed to explore technology gaps in the groups caused by the different markets. It was found that emerging economies with a free market have a better upgrading performance than those with a restricted market, and the efficiency gap between the two groups was seen to be continually increasing.
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MANAGERIAL AND DECISION ECONOMICS 卷冊: 41 期: 6 頁數: 1084-1095
