| 摘要: | 有關構成要件錯誤之相關議題，諸如等價客體錯誤、打擊錯誤及因果歷程錯誤等錯誤問題，依通說對該錯誤之處罰，總令人質疑其處罰之妥當性。
本文嘗試從多元角度來探討等價客體錯誤相關評價問題，首先從法律一致性來探索民法同一性錯誤與刑法等價客體錯誤，兩者應形成何種評價關係；次從等價客體錯誤之主觀本質，來解析等價客體錯誤處罰之合理性；另從不法構成要件論等價客體錯誤，並對通說所採法定符合說暨學說上所提之對應原則，來論處該錯誤，提出其缺失之處；又從預防犯罪暨保護被害人角度，探究通說對於行為人所為之等價客體錯誤處罰之妥當性；再從刑法解釋思索殺害直系血親尊親屬罪之等價客體錯誤，宜採限縮解釋來評價該錯誤；最後探討被教唆者發生等價客體錯誤，教唆者應如何處罰，關於此議題，本文認為不論從刑法之共犯從屬性或民法間接代理之角度觀察，教唆者皆不需為教唆者所為之等價客體錯誤負責。
另關於打擊錯誤，本文認為宜從行為人與預定標的及意外標的之三面關係，作一具體且動態分析，即當行為人對預定標的及意外標的均具有侵害可能，才有討論是否適用打擊錯誤之空間。又學說上對於結果延後發生之因果歷程錯誤之處罰，呈現出過當或不及之處罰現象
，本文將該錯誤之行為結構與加重結果犯作一對比，認為該二者間之行為結構具有相類性，故建議對於該錯誤之處罰，日後可參考加重結果犯之評價方式，改訂其法律上之評價。
The issues related to the error of the constituent element, such as the error of equivalent objects, the error in the blow (Aberratio Ictus) and the error of causal process, often raise questions about the appropriateness of its punishment.
Therefore, this thesis attempts to discuss the evaluation of the error of equivalent objects from multiple perspectives. Firstly, in terms of the concordance of legal order, I compare the identity error in Civil Code and the error of equivalent objects in Criminal Code. Secondly, in terms of the subjective quality of the error of equivalent objects, I analyze the appropriateness of the punishment for the error of equivalent objects. Thirdly, in terms of the element of crime, I discuss the error of equivalent objects and point out the flaws regarding the theory of statutory conformation and the principle of equivalence. Fourthly, in terms of the prevention of crime as well as the protection of the victim, I inquire into the appropriateness of the punishment for the actor who commits the error of equivalent objects. Fifthly, in terms of the homicide of the lineal blood ascendant, I argue that it is advisable to take a restrictive approach to interpreting the evaluation of the error of equivalent objects. Lastly, I discuss the punishment for the solicitor when the solicitee commits the error of equivalent objects, and argue that the solicitor is not responsible for the error of equivalent objects committed by the solicitee from the perspectives of both the accessoriness of the accomplice in Criminal Code and indirect agency in Civil Code.
As for the error in the blow, it is legitimate to apply such concept only with the specific and dynamic analysis of the interrelationship between the actor, the intended object and the accidental object, i.e. the actor is likely to harm both the intended object and the accidental object at the initiation of his act. In theory, the punishment for criminal conduct involving the error of causal process with delayed results is either excessive or inadequate. This thesis draws an analogy between such conduct and the result-qualified offence (Erfolgsqualifizierten Delikten). Due to their similarities, it is advisable that the punishment be imposed in reference to the result-qualified offence. |
