| 摘要: | 中國古典園林造詣精妙，是中國傳統文化中的精華，其空間特性以人性化，趣味性和多變性著稱。留園和拙政園均為中國四大名園，是江南園林藝術的典範。然而其中所隱涵的空間型構類型與設計規劃知識是否能藉由空間資訊技術的角度能有更豐富的呈現？又是否可以將空間型構理論結合於地理資訊系統之上，深化空間型構在GIS空間分析能力於古典園林的空間量化研究？為本研究重要的課題之一。本研究還試圖比較GIS空間資訊分析和空間型構理論之間的可見性和可及性。從園林空間結構來看，可視性決定了遊客感知空間尺度的大小，有效的分割不僅不會使空間變得侷促，反而可以擴大空間。可及性是人們決定參觀遊覽園林景點的自由程度和方便程度。試著深入瞭解中國古典園林的設計理念，希望找出園林的設計規則。
本研究理論包含空間資訊技術、空間型構、園林設計。空間資訊技術乃基於地理對象之位置和形態特徵的數據分析技術，涵構具有三維空間尺度、時空動態性與視景可視性等特點。而空間型構則是將空間幾何形態具體化後，所發展出來可以分析量化空間位元向關聯的模式，可以具體量化空間結構中的深度感知連結關係，分析潛藏於空間平面幾何的型構特徵。而園林空間理論中則談寫意虛實相間，探討不同景觀視軸相互聯繫滲透的關係，講究層次清晰、變換豐富、移步換景等所創造的不同視覺效果。本研究的主軸將以空間型構從空間認知的角度，來定量描述園林的空間結構形態，再整合GIS的空間與屬性數據分析功能和三維空間建模與模擬分析的能力。重點在於Space Syntax與GIS之空間分析整合，以Space Syntax為構型之理論基礎，而GIS則作為空間統計、分析與模擬之平臺，進而深入古典園林理論的研究。
本研究以留園和拙政園為研究案例對象，首先對空間資訊技術的基本概念及功能進行簡要概述，蒐集江南私家園林之基本資料，然後透過實地走訪兩座私家園林，拍照收集園林中建築、水文、植栽等實際物件影像，結合Google Earth航拍對其空間位置進行界定，為本文理論的闡述提供實證性資料。再分別建立Space Syntax與GIS, 2D與3D模型，然後運用Depth Map進行視域分析，探討園林空間整體可及性和其視域範圍，然後在GIS中建置兩座園林之3D量體模型。接著模擬園林中的道路情況，分析道路網絡，規劃重要的、主要的、一般的三種遊覽路線，並按不同的時間成本計算各個景點的服務區範圍。並再對其進行可視化與空間統計分析。然後比較Depth Map和GIS之可視性與可及性的異同。最後總結留園和拙政園內空間結構的整體或個性特徵，試圖推斷出中國古典園林中的一些設計手法。
本研究成果如下：建構了兩座園林量體數位模型，包括Space Syntax2D與GIS 3D模型，分析出了Depth Map的視軸的模式，推導出了其可視性與可及性的權重分佈關聯。拙政園的連接度平均值為3251.53,表示視線互相滲透，由中心向外逐漸變低，有顯著的向心性，而留園的連接度平均值為1121.47，可見其採用了空間對比的手法，入口由窄到寬，與內部空間形成強烈的對比，營造了欲揚先抑的效果。在整合度上，拙政園的平均值為1.62，留園為1.72，留園略高於拙政園，可知其可及性較高的景觀點大都鄰水而建，靠近路徑的交匯處。在GIS中研究發現，留園的一級可視性為58.4%，拙政園的一級可視性為83.98%，所以拙政園整體可視性高於留園，在20s內留園的整體可及性為56.62%，拙政園整體可及性為47.38%，可見留園的可及性高於拙政園。留園整體佈局精巧細緻，廊道隨意穿插於建築和景觀間，更加強了全園的可及性與整體性。可見Space Syntax與GIS作為空間分析工具差異，兩者都可以進行視域分析，然而Depth Map的視域分析是在2D平面上，對於立面或者有高低差的空間無法分析。GIS則是通過建立真實場景，利用視域的可視化分析表明景點之間的空間可視關係。而在可及性的分析中，Depth Map中可視即為可及，以可視的方法分析兩座園林的可及性，而GIS以實際的道路網絡為基礎分析評估單個景點的可及性。兩者在可及性分析上的差異較大。
Chinese classical gardens are the essence of Chinese traditional culture. Its spatial characteristics are known for its humanity, interest and versatility. The Lingering Garden and the Humble Administrator's Garden are the four famous gardens in China and are models of Jiangnan garden art. However, can the spatial structure type and design planning knowledge hidden in it be more presented from the perspective of spatial information technology? Is it possible to combine the space syntax theory with the geographic information system and deepen Space Syntax and GIS spatial analysis ability for spatial quantification of classical gardens? It is one of the important topics for this study. It also attempts to compare the visibility and accessibility between the GIS spatial information analysis and Space Syntax spatial structure theory. From the perspective of the spatial structure of the garden, the visibility determines the size of the spatial scale of the visitors' perception. Effective segmentation will not only make the space become cramped, but will expand the space. Accessibility is the degree of freedom and convenience that people decide to visit a garden attraction. Try look into the design concept of Chinese classical gardens, hoping to find out the design rules of garden.
In this study they are theory included spatial information technology, space syntax, and garden design. Spatial information technology is a data analysis technology based on the location and morphological features of geographic object. It has the characteristics of three-dimensional space scale, spatial-temporal dynamics, visual visibility and so on. Space syntax is to embody the spatial geometry, and can be developed to analyze the pattern of quantized spatial orientations. The depth connection relationship in the spatial structure can be specifically, and the structural features hidden in the spatial plane geometry can be analyzed. In the garden design theory, the paper discusses the relationship between freehand and reality, discusses the relationship between the visual axis of different landscapes, and the different visual effects produced by the changes are observed. The main axis of this study will use spatial syntax to quantitatively describe the spatial structure of the garden, then integrate the GIS attribute data analysis function and the ability of 3D space modeling and simulation analysis. The focus is on the integration of Space Syntax and GIS spatial analyze, with space syntax as the theoretical basis, and GIS as the platform for spatial statistics, analysis and simulation. To exploring the similarities and differences between the Depth map and the GIS spatial analysis as tools, then deep into the study of classical garden theory.
In this study, the Lingering and Humble Administrator's Garden will be taken as a research case. Firstly, it briefly summarizes the basic concepts and functions of spatial information technology, collects the basic information of private gardens in Jiangnan, and then visits two private gardens through the field to collect photos of garden buildings. The actual object images such as hydrology and planting are combined with Google Earth's aerial photography to define their spatial position, which provides empirical information for the theoretical explanation of this article. Third, we build space syntax and GIS, 2D and 3D models. Next, we use Depth map for visibility graph analysis, explore the overall accessibility of the garden space and its scope of view. Afterwards we build the attribute database and the 3D mass model of two gardens in GIS. Next we simulate the road conditions in the garden, to analyze the road network，plan the important, main, and general three kinds of tour routes, and do not calculate the service area of each attraction according to different time. And then visualize and spatial statistical analysis. Then compare the similarities and differences between the visibility and accessibility of Depth Map and GIS. Finally, the overall or individual characteristics of the empty space structure in the Lingering Garden and the Humble Administrator's Garden are summarized, trying to infer some design techniques in Chinese classical gardens.
The results of this study are as follows: Two garden digital models, including Space Syntax2D and GIS 3D models, were constructed. The visual axis of Depth Map was analyzed, and the weight distribution of visibility and accessibility was derived. The average connection degree of the Humble Administrator’s Garden is 3251.53, which means that the line of sight penetrates each other. The average connection degree of the Lingering Garden is 1121.47, which shows that it uses a method of spatial contrast. The entrance is narrow to wide, forming a strong contrast with the interior space, creating the effect of wanting to suppress. In terms of integration, the average value of the Humble Administrator’s Garden is 1.62, and the Lingering Garden is 1.72. The reserved garden is slightly higher than the Humble Administrator's Garden. It can be seen that most of the more accessible landscapes are built next to the water, close to the intersection of the parts. The study in GIS found that the overall visibility of the Lingering Garden was 58.4%, and the overall visibility of the Humble Administrator's Garden was 83.98%. Therefore, the overall visibility of the Humble Administrator's Garden was higher than that of the Lingering Garden, In the 20s, the accessibility of the Lingering Garden is 56.62%, and the accessibility of the Humble Administrator's Garden is 47.38%. It can be seen the accessibility of the Lingering Garden was higher than that of the Humble Administrator's Garden. The overall layout of the Lingering Garden is exquisite and meticulous. The corridors are interspersed between the buildings and the landscape, which enhances the accessibility and integrity of the park. It can be seen Space Syntax and GIS are different as spatial analysis tools, and both can perform field of view analysis. However, the field of view analysis of Depth Map is on the 2D plane, and it is impossible to analyze the space of the facade or the height difference. GIS is to establish a real scene, using visual analysis of the field of view to show the spatial visual relationship between the attractions. In the analysis of accessibility, the accessible analysis in Depth Map uses the visual analysis to visually analyze the accessibility of the two gardens The GIS analyzes the accessibility of individual attractions based on the actual road network. There are great differences in accessibility analysis between the two. |
