| 摘要: | 城市的發展起源於聚落，聚落的發展始於基本空間單元——院落。隨著社會、經濟、人口的發展，這些具有相似形態特性的一個個院落沿著橫向、縱向不斷重複、組合，形成一組組宅院建築、坊巷建築群、聚落群乃至一個城市、國家。福州城在2200多年的歷史變遷中，經歷了漢代冶城、晉代子城、唐代羅城、梁代夾城、宋代外城、明代府城、清代會城、近現代福州城，但無論城市形態如何地演變，千年來一直有一條由北向南隨歷史時間不斷生長的城市中軸線。中軸線上至今依然保持著明清時期的完整傳統聚落形態：明清民族精英、文人雅士聚居的唐代裏坊制活化石——三坊七巷傳統聚落；依託閩江發展起來的明清商業聚落——上下杭傳統聚落；清末外來文化入侵的山地生態聚落——煙臺山傳統聚落，清末民初海軍將領的聚居地——朱紫坊傳統聚落……這些傳統城市聚落有著非常珍貴的研究價值。
本論文以福州城市中軸線上的傳統聚落為研究物件，從時間軸和空間軸兩條線分析不同類型的傳統聚落形態的隱性城市網絡結構特徵，藉鑒城市形態學理論的研究方法，結合量化技術手段——空間句法和社會網絡分析法，分別從形態維度和社會網絡評價角度來深入剖析隱藏在福州城市中軸線上的傳統聚落形態空間、層級網絡特徵。時間軸截取六個歷史時間點——晉代子城、唐代羅城、宋代外城、清代會城、近代福州城、現代福州城；空間軸截取福州城中軸線上的三個典型傳統聚落——三坊七巷傳統聚落、上下杭傳統聚落和煙臺山傳統聚落。用城市空間結構變遷理論結合古圖、規劃圖、航拍圖來整理歸納傳統城市聚落的顯性特徵，空間句法和社會網絡分析相結合從量化角度建立量化模型，通過相關參數計算、分析、歸納，對傳統聚落兩個特別層級（空間凝聚層級和空間視覺層級）及網絡化系統結構深入分析。同時假設論證兩個命題：宅院幾何中心化與城市街道有機線性化之發展悖論與城市發展空間可視性與宅院高墻阻隔限制空間可視性之發展悖論；來尋找與城市及其演化的形狀一致的空間層級與空間結構之特性相互關係。
The development of the city originated from the settlement, and the development of the settlement began in the basic space unit - the courtyard. With the development of society, economy and population, these courtyards with similar morphological characteristics are repeated and combined along the horizontal and vertical directions to form a group of house buildings, Fangxiang buildings, settlement groups and even a city and country. In the historical changes of more than 2,200 years, Fuzhou City has experienced the Han Dynasty-Ye City, the Jin Dynasty-Zi City, , the Tang Dynasty -Luo City, the Liang Dynasty-Jia City, the Song Dynasty-Wai City, the Ming Dynasty-Fu City, the Qing Dynasty-Hui City, and the modern Fuzhou City.But no matter how the urban form evolves,there has been a central axis of the city that has grown from north to south with historical time. On the central axis, it still maintains the complete traditional settlement form of the Ming and Qing Dynasties,such as the three lanes and seven alleys traditional settlement which was lived by national elites and literati in the Ming and Qing Dynasty and was just like Living stone of buildings in the Tang Dynasty;Shangxiahang traditional settlement which was developed by Mingjiang River as commercial settlement in the Ming and Qing Dynasty,Yantaishan traditional settlement which was developed by foreign culture as mountain ecological settlement in the end of the Qing Dynasty ,and Zhuzifang traditional settlement where lived Naval generals in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China…… These traditional urban settlements have very valuable research value.
This paper takes the traditional settlements on the central axis of Fuzhou city as the research object, analyzes the characteristics of the hidden urban network structure of different types of traditional settlement forms from the timeline and the spatial axis, and draws on the research methods of urban morphology theory, combined with quantification. The technical means-space syntax and social network analysis method, from the perspective of morphological dimension and social network evaluation, respectively, deeply analyze the characteristics of traditional settlement form space and hierarchical network hidden in the central axis of Fuzhou city. The timeline intercepts six historical time points—the Jin Dynasty -Zi City, the Tang Dynasty -Luo City, the Song Dynasty -Wai City, the Qing Dynasty -Hui City, modern Fuzhou City,and contemporary Fuzhou City. The space axis intercepts three typical traditional settlements on the central axis of Fuzhou City— the three lanes and seven alleys traditional settlement, Shangxiahang traditional settlement and Yantaishan traditional settlement. We have sorted out the dominant features of traditional urban settlements with the theory of urban spatial structure change and lots of ancient maps, plan maps, and aerial maps. Through the calculation, analysis and induction of relevant parameters, two special levels (spatial cohesive level and spatial visual level) and networked system structure of traditional settlements are deeply analyzed. We also have supposed to argue two propositions,the one is whether the geometric centralization of the house is related to the development of organic linearization of urban streets;the other one is what is the relationship between the high wall barrier of the house and the development of limited space visibility.We try to find the interrelationship between the spatial hierarchy and the spatial structure consistent with the shape of the city and its evolution. |
