境外證人之研究

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Title:	境外證人之研究 A Study of The Overseas Witness
Authors:	潘維哲
Contributors:	法律學系
Keywords:	刑事司法互助境外證人傳聞法則傳聞例外遠距訊問
Date:	2019
Issue Date:	2019-09-18 14:41:13 (UTC+8)
Abstract:	在刑事訴訟中，於調查程序時若必須用到境外證人。一來透過刑事司法互助取得境外證人之陳述或直接傳喚，二來直接使用境外證人供述證據。但上述兩種方式都會損害到被告的對質詰問權。透過刑事司法互助取得之證據，通常依照刑事司法互助條約之規範內容進行審查，對被告而言限制較少。但若是直接使用境外證人供述證據時，都以傳聞法則處理此類證據，若此類證據成為傳聞例外證據後對被告之對質詰問權限制更大，更可能違反直接審理原則。又法院見解有擴大傳聞例外的跡象，因此在傳聞例外上對境外證人供述證據因作出目的性限縮以保障被告人權。又對於境外證人的調查，除上述的司法互助與傳聞法則外。更直接的調查方法即是遠距訊問。過去遠距訊問可能受限於科技，但現今網路發達，遠距訊問的技術門檻與成本都下降許多，與科技法庭的推動。法院於調查境外證人時，應可透過視訊與網路等技術達到遠距訊問。遠距訊問即可讓證人與被告有面對面的機會，也能讓被告及時行使對質詰問權，遠距訊問亦增加發現真實的機會與有促進訴訟經濟的效果。In criminal proceedings, foreign witnesses must be used in the investigation process. First, through the criminal mutual legal assistance to obtain a statement of overseas witnesses or direct summons, and secondly, directly use the evidence of overseas witnesses. However, the above two methods will damage the defendants right of questioning. Evidence obtained through mutual legal assistance in criminal matters is usually reviewed in accordance with the normative content of the Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty and is less restrictive to the defendant. However, if the evidence of confession of overseas witnesses is used directly, such evidence is dealt with by hearsay rules. If such evidence becomes a rumored evidence of exception, it is more restrictive to the defendants right of questioning and is more likely to violate the principle of direct trial. In addition, the court’s opinion has shown signs of expanding the rumor exception. Therefore, in the case of rumor exceptions, the confession of foreign witnesses is limited by purpose to protect the human rights of the defendant. In addition, the investigation of overseas witnesses is in addition to the above-mentioned mutual legal assistance and rumor laws. A more direct method of investigation is remote interrogation. In the past, long-distance interrogation may be limited by technology, but todays Internet is developed, and the technical threshold and cost of long-distance interrogation are much lower, driven by the technology court. When investigating overseas witnesses, the court should be able to reach long-distance interrogation through technologies such as video and internet. Long-distance interrogation allows witnesses and defendants to have face-to-face opportunities, and allows defendants to exercise their right of questioning in a timely manner. Remote interrogation also increases the chances of finding real opportunities and promoting the litigation economy.
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