| 摘要: | 金融科技（Fintech）利用共享經濟概念與大數據網路科技，結合成為新興金融型態，加上網路普及與科技產品大眾化，金融科技產業有別於過去傳統金融機構，其拉攏被傳統銀行屏除的族群。網路借貸係將有閒置資金的投資人與有借貸需求的借款人進行媒合服務，規避中介人或居間人加入，形成金融脫媒化現象。使得融資的管道更加多元，不再侷限於傳統金融機構，而是轉向社會大眾籌資，借貸過程不僅快速、簡便，且無須受到時間與空間的限制，故深受廣大新創業者與消費者青睞。
網路借貸平台產業在中國發展得如火如荼，平台業者甚至打出各種擔保投資借貸標的宣傳口號，使得投資大眾紛紛將資金投入平台刊登借貸標的，卻忽略該等借貸標的資訊真偽與平台經營狀況。加上平台吸收投資大眾的資金後，多半置於平台名下，其管理方式、帳務資訊均不透明。直至2013年12月開始發生多起平台捲款潛逃、倒閉事件，中國官方正式對網路借貸行業進行監理，頒布「網絡借貸信息中介機構管理暫行辦法。」
網路借貸行業風氣在近年來也吹進我國金融科技市場，目前我國金融監督管理委員會與中央銀行對網路借貸平台見解，民法上消費借貸契約，並不會對網路借貸平台行業設立專法進行監理。換言之，平台僅單純進行媒合借、貸雙方服務，不得涉及銀行法吸收存款業務行為、刑法上的重利罪、證券交易法上發行有價證券行為、多層次傳銷行為等須經主管機關許可等行為。
在不受限於監督管理下，我國的網路借貸平台業者集結投資人的資金後，應如何管理資金，與平台經營借貸業務時，可否進行擔保行為？居間媒合服務的注意義務為何？平台提供網路科技服務時，應否負擔系統風險損失？以下本文參酌中國倒閉事件與其監理方向，比較網路借貸發展已久的英國與美國的監理制度，最後提出對我國網路借貸平台對客戶資金帳戶管理與經營責任建議。
Fintech use the concept of Sharing Economy and big data network technology, moreover, the popularization internet and electricity to combine into a novel financial model which is fully different from traditional financial institution. The financial technology industry also absorbs groups that traditional financial institutions are not willing to serve. When the supervision authority formulates regulatory frame, it needs to consider customers risk awareness. Lending platforms offer mediation service between investors with idle funds and borrowers, avoiding the participation of intermediaries, forming a phenomenon of financial disintermediation. Lending platforms make the financing more diverse, easier and faster. It is also popular by the public. But lending platforms are usually built by start-up company which has not a lot of money but big data analysis and technology.
Therefore, whether the online lending platform has the ability to bear market risks has become one of the factors considered by the supervisory authority.
China’s financing methods are monopolized by traditional financial institutions so that start-up company are also introduced online lending.
Online lending has risen rapidly in short time. Many platforms want to attract consumer investment. They guaranteed to investors can retrieve the amount of the investment and earn interest at the same time. However, in 2013, lots of lending platforms had counterfeit investment targets. Let many investors lose a lot. The Chinese government began to pay attention to the dangers of this issue and promulgated the supervision framework.
Meanwhile, our financial technology market has also introduced online lending. But the risk of online lending platforms still exists. For example, the investment target factors are not transparent, the credit information technology good enough?
Taiwanese’s supervisory authorities, the Financial Supervisory Commission and the Central Bank the Republic of China, regards online lending as a purely information-based service which is like China’s policy.
It cannot make any guarantees for investment target factors. And there won’t establish special regulatory frame for online lending. So where is the boundary of responsibility for online lending operations in Taiwan, becoming an important issue. Customer fund management is also one of the priorities issues. Because start-up are not financial institutions, so many funds are absorbed from the public becoming legal risks. Thus, this article will discuss these issues and propose suggestions for online lending supervision. |
