| 摘要: | 避暑山莊肇建於康熙四十二年（1703），至康熙四十七年（1708）初具規模。康熙五十年（1711），康熙帝正式命名題匾「避暑山莊」，此後陸續擴建。乾隆年間，在原有的基礎上，再進行大規模的擴建，並在山莊周邊修建許多寺廟，至乾隆五十七年（1792）竣工。康熙帝和乾隆帝經常駐蹕避暑山莊，通常每年四、五月份到此，九、十月份返回北京，一年當中幾近半載在這裡圍獵及處理政務，山莊不僅是清帝休閒娛樂之所，亦是政治軍事中心，治理邊疆的重鎮，是為北京以外第二個政治中心。 乾隆帝在位六十年，到避暑山莊五十二次，執政約有五分之一時間在山莊度過。乾隆帝喜好藝術，曾御筆繪製《避暑山莊煙雨樓圖》，以水墨寫意表現煙雨樓煙雲回繞、雨意沉沉的景致意境。乾隆帝在位期間投入眾多東西方畫家、匠役和大量資源進行各類藝術創作，乾隆帝前往熱河前即已傳諭造辦處預作準備。駐蹕山莊期間，造辦處畫家匠役隨行，承接各種藝術活計。根據檔案記載，乾隆時期避暑山莊的藝術收藏東西兼具，府庫充盈，精采絕倫，西方使節亦為之驚嘆。 避暑山莊曾對清朝政局有舉足輕重意義，歷來前輩學者研究撰述極為豐碩。綜觀避暑山莊的研究成果，較少探究藝術活動方面的議題。實際上，透過傳教士書信、清朝檔案、官書、文集等記錄，可見乾隆帝在避暑山莊進行許多藝術活動，諸如：命宮廷畫師繪製各種圖像，紀念重要活動事件、令造辦處預製備用各式活計，提供熱河賞給、經常從宮中提出精美藝品，送至山莊陳設存貯，這些涉及藝術創作過程、藝術物品流向與用途，乃至藝術品收藏，值得深入探討。
Summer Palace built in Kangxi forty-two years (1703), to forty-seven years of Kangxi (1708) beginning to take shape. Fifty years of Kangxi (1711), Kangxi Emperor officially named plaque " Summer Palace ", after another expansion. During the Ch’ien-lung reign, on the basis of the original, a large-scale expansion was carried out and many temples were built around the villa to be completed in 572 (1792). Emperor Kangxi and Emperor Ch’ien-lung often stationed in the Summer Palace, usually in April and May each year, returned to Beijing in September and October, almost a year in the midnight here hunting and handling of government affairs, Villa is not only the Qing Emperor's place of leisure and entertainment, It is also the political and military center and the key town governing border areas. It is the second political center outside Beijing.Emperor Ch’ien-lung reigned sixty years, to Summer Palace fifty-two times, about one-fifth of the time the government spent in the Villa. Emperor Ch’ien-lung like art, had Royal Pen drawing "Summer Palace smoke and rain floor map" to express the ink and wash Smokey House smoke cloud winding, rain meaning heavy mood. During the reign of Emperor Ch’ien-lung, he devoted himself to many artists, craftsmen and a large number of resources for various kinds of artistic creation. Ch’ien-lung Emperor had made a prearrangement mission before he went to Rehe. During the stay in the Villa, the painter Ganao Gongzhu Office attendant, following a variety of artistic activities. According to the records, during the Ch’ien-lung period, the art collection of Summer Palace combines both the government and the treasures, and the envoys of the Western countries are amazed.Summer Palace had a decisive significance to the political situation in the Qing Dynasty, has always been rich in research and writing predecessors and scholars. Looking at the Summer Palace research results, less to explore artistic activities issues. In fact, through the records of missionaries, archives of the Qing Dynasty, official records and anthologies, it is evident that Emperor Ch’ien-lung performed many art activities in the Summer Palace, such as: Life court painter draws various images to commemorate major events and preliminaries All kinds of livelihoods, providing Jehol hospitality, often presented from the palace of exquisite art, sent to the village furnishings storage, which involves the process of artistic creation, the flow and purpose of art objects, and even art collection, it is worth in-depth discussion. |
