| 摘要: | 本研究從國防發展的視角探討我國志願役軍人招募影響因素，從人口結構、兵役制度、募兵政策及從軍態度傾向等角度切入，分析與招募成效的連動關係。
文獻回顧參考國內外學者觀點為基礎，提出「國內出生率影響募兵推行，兵役制度發展條件會隨著經濟和國家安全環境調整，軍人職業報酬愈合理，則青年選擇傾向會愈高，並根據「I／O 模式」觀察青年從軍態度」的研究架構。
研究對象為我國17-32 歲符合志願役招募條件的青年，以問卷調查方式，應用AMOS(Analysis of Moment Structure)統計軟體作為結構方程模式分析工具，並以美國及日本為指標，透過高級SWOT 矩陣分析瞭解我國募兵環境及所面對的問題與挑戰。
研究發現，少子化趨勢會影響志願役軍人招募，而募兵成效越佳，兵役制度轉型的支持度會越好，對於招募政策的滿意度也會越高，有利於從軍意願提升。尤其福利待遇、工作環境較受重視，而薪資福利、職涯發展及年金改革為影響募兵的要素。從軍態度則以職業型傾向居多，女性意願高於男性，隨著年齡及教育程度越高則從軍意願也會提高，多數青年支持
實施募兵制，且大部份是基於家庭經濟與募兵誘因才會考慮從軍，整體從軍意願僅30.7%。顯示選擇軍人為職業的態度和主動性不高，形成普遍支持募兵制，但是從軍意願低落的反差現象。
比較與美國及日本募兵環境的差異，國軍內部優勢與外部機會得分僅在及格邊緣，內部劣勢與外部威脅均在80 分左右，面對組織優勢與外部環境機會偏低，而劣勢與威脅環境偏高，提升志願役軍人招募成效的可能性並不高。
本研究結果與各國募兵環境比較，具有以下共同的特點：包括我國募兵制在建構「平時養兵少、戰時兵源廣」的新國防觀念，如同英國精兵主義及中國大陸後備動員制度；募兵環境近似德國，同為募兵制推行不久，國防預算偏低，女性從軍人數逐年增加。相較於推行募兵制度較為成功的美國，其募兵政策完善、軍人社會地位及青年從軍意願較高，這是本研究
發現的重要對比因素，也是我國募兵制度還需要再努力精進的方向及目標。
The research is to discover the influencing factors of our voluntary recruitment from the
perspective of defense development. It analyzes the correlation from the points of population
structure, military service system, mercenary system, attitude of joining army and other conceptsbetween recruiting performance.
Based on the literature review of Domestic and foreign other scholars, this study suggests three
research constructs. First, domestic fertility rate affects mercenary system；second, the developmentcondition of military service system is adjusted with economy and national security environment；third, the more reasonable of career soldier’s salary is, the better result of the youth preference canbe achieved, besides, observing the attitude of youth who join the army according to “I／O Mode”.
The participants in this study were 17-32 year-old youth who are qualified to join military
service in our country. The questionnaire was used on this study, by taking AMOS (Analysis of
Moment Structure) as the tool for structural equation modeling. Moreover, taking the Unite State
and Japan as indicators to realize our mercenary mode environment, and the problem and challenge
that we faced.
According to the research, the trend of fewer children can affect volunteer military recruitment.If mercenary system works well, the support of military service system transformation will improveand the satisfaction of military recruitment policies will increase as well, which benefits to will ofjoining the military. In particularly, social benefits, working environment taken seriously,compensation and welfare, career development and pension reform are factors of affecting militaryrecruitment. Occupational tendency is in the majority of the attitude of joining army； female aremore willing than male, besides, intention of joining the military increases with age and the moreeducation people received . Most young people choose to join army because of household economyand the benefit of joining military. Generally, willing of joining the military is only 30.7% of all,presenting people are not willing to be career soldiers. Mostly, people supports mercenary system；however, they are disinclined to join army. Compared with the mercenary systems between theUnite State and Japan, our scores on internal strengths and external opportunity are merely on thefringe of passing, while the scores on internal weaknesses and threat environment are both about 80.Under the situation, the possibility of volunteer military recruitment is not effective.
Therefore, compared with mercenary systems of other countries, ours, as the study indicates,
has the following elements in common. Firstly, our construction of mercenary system is based on
the new national defense concept of “Less costs for the military in peacetime, troops available inwartime,” which shares equal characteristics of British militarism and the storage reserve military mobilization system of China. Secondly, our military service environment is similar to that in Germany, whose policy is promoted in recent years; that is, national defense cost is low and the number of female volunteer soldiers is increasing by years. However, the system used in the Unite State is more complete, including their higher social status of the soldiers and the consequently positive influence on their youth’s intention of joining the army. Accordingly, this is the future directions and the achievement that we are aiming at. |
