| 摘要: | 我國憲法第二條規定：「中華民國之主權屬於國民全體。」強調所謂主權在民與民主主義之原則。同時，憲法也從第八條至第二十二條規範人民之基本權利義務，舉凡人身自由權（第八條）、居住遷徙自由權（第十條）、言論、講學、著作、出版自由權（第十一條）、秘密通訊自由權（第十二條）、生存權、工作權、財產權（第十五條）、請願、訴願及訴訟權（第十六條）等均屬列舉之重要基本人權，尚有其他未列舉之概括基本人權（第二十二條）。其中尤以第八條之人身自由權為甚，更是屬於基本人權中之最基本權利，屬於憲法保留之層次，只有遵照憲法第八條之規定，符合憲法第二十三條之公共利益，始得以法律之規定，加以限制之。若未遵照憲法保障人身自由權之意旨，徒以法律之規定，縱符合法律保留原則，自亦不得加以禁止或限制之，乃為民主法治國所當然。然而，參考司法院釋字第六O三號解釋意旨，此等基本權利也並非屬絕對性之權利保障，於符合公益原則、法律明確性原則、正當法律程序原理及比例原則之要求下，仍得以法律限制之。
羈押乃為確保被告始終到場所為對於人身自由限制之強制處分，另就犯罪追訴之角度而言，此種手段將嫌疑人羈押於看守所，斷絕其與外界之聯絡，亦能確保其參與偵查、審判及刑之執行。就社會大眾之利益而言，將重大案件之嫌疑人羈押於看守所，能滿足大眾報復之心理，且對於社會秩序之平復亦有相當大之助益。相對地，羈押制度，對被告拘束於特定處所，實施高強度、不間斷之監管，使被告失去絕對之人身自由，不論其目的為何，均已實質上剝奪被告之基本權利，因尚未經有罪判決確定，此種強制處分對於人身自由之侵害最深，與無罪推定有相當之衝突。
本文欲一併探究，期能在犯罪的有效追訴與被告基本人權中謀求平衡之道，羈押之被告其憲法上權利的保障是與一般人民相同。近代民主法治國家首重人民自由與權利能獲得充分、確實的保障，並藉由國家刑罰權的實施，以實現社會正義、維持社會秩序，以確保法秩序和平之維護。然追訴犯罪的過程中，偵查機關所採取之偵查作為，並非漫無限制、恣意而為，類似刑事制裁的強制處分，必須事先有法律之明文規定，並應由客觀中立之機關審查、監督，方不至於過分侵害人民的自由與基本權利。嚴重干預人民基本權利之強制處分除須符合法定程序之要求外，並應確保其訴訟上防禦之權利，俾實現現代法治國家追求公平、正義的理念。
最後，本文主要研究目的是藉由公法上的原理原則，如「公益條款」、「法律保留」、「比例」等原則，從人權角度探討，論述並檢討現行羈押制度之其他缺失，希望能對於現行羈押制度，獲得重新思考及改進之方向，以建構更妥適、完善且適合我國國情的羈押制度並確實充分保障基本人權。
Abstract Article II of our Constitution stipulates that: "the sovereignty of the Republic of China belongs to the whole body of citizens.” It stresses the principles of the so-called consent of the governed and democracy. Meanwhile, the fundamental rights and obligations of the people specified in article VIII to article 22 of the Constitution are enumerated important basic human rights, particularly article 8 of the right to personal liberty is more important, is the most basic right of the human rights, belongs to the level of Constitution reservation, and only in accordance with the provisions of article VIII of the Constitution and in line with the public welfare of the article 23 of the Constitution, then may limit to personal liberty by the provisions of the law. In order to ensure that the accused is always to be present, detention is a mandatory punishment for personal freedom restriction of the accused. From the point of view of the criminal prosecution, such means of putting suspect in detention at the detention center to cut off the contact with the outside world shall ensure their participation in the investigation, trial and punishment of execution. To the point of advantages of the community, the detention shall satisfy the retaliation mind of the public and shall be helpful to recover the social order. Detention system of letting the accused be bound to a particular premises, implementing a high-intensity and continuous regulatory, and losing the absolute personal freedom, regardless of their purpose, have been ssentially deprived of the fundamental rights of the accused. Due to guilty verdict have not yet been determined, this mandatory sanctions is the most infringement of personal freedom and there is considerable conflict with the presumption of innocence. This text would explore together and anticipate to seek a balance way between the effective prosecution of crime and the basic human rights of the accused due to the protection of constitutional rights of the detained accused is the same as the general people. The mandatory punishment of serious intervention in fundamental rights of the people, not only should comply with the statutory procedures, but also should ensure the defense rights of the accused in its litigation proceedings, so that implement the concept of fairness and justice chased by the modern nations of ruling of law. Finally, the main purpose of this text is by the principles of public laws, such as principles of "welfare articles", "law reservations" and "proportion", to probe from the point of personal freedom, to discuss and review other deficiencies of current detention system and to discuss remedies when in COOPETITION (competition and cooperation). We hope the current detention system could gain a direction of rethinking and improving, so that constructs a more appropriate and completely improved detention system which is suitable for our national conditions ensuring the full protection of basic human rights. |
