| 摘要: | 近年來，因氣候變遷使水資源短缺的危機加劇，人們已逐漸重視水資源的經濟價值，並將水資源視為經濟物品一樣來管理。隨著人類社會經濟的發展，水已不再被視為免費的資源，台灣地區降雨可算是相當豐富，但由於時空分佈不均，在夏秋之季常發生缺水情形，當發生缺水狀況時，常以移用農業用水以解決民生及工業用水之不足，使得農業水資源的調配成為熱門的議題。台灣地區農業用水占總體水資源使用量的七成，目前因部份農業用地移做交通或建築用地使用，農地減少之餘，如何將有限的水資源進行合理的利用與重分配，是台灣地區水資源永續經營的關鍵議題。
本研究依歷史脈絡先探討農業水資源管理組織之沿革，說明現行農業水資源管理的法源依據、角色與重要性、以及管理運作機制；再探討目前農業水資源管理之困境，以及影響農業水資源管理組織最深之《土壤與地下水污染整治法》所衍生之效應，然後進一步說明未來農業水資源管理趨勢。
研究發現，長久以來公共排水設施尚未完善，現行廢污水大部分藉由農田水利設施排放，在灌排渠道未分離且排放水質標準不一的情形下，雖賦予農業水資源管理組織公法人地位，然而，公權力卻不彰，導致農業水資源遭受不同程度的污染，令可用水資源逐漸減少，再加上目前水權管理制度的僵化，限制農業用水的移用，將影響水資源的整體利用效率。因此，勢須集中水資源管理事權，並修正現行的相關法令規定，賦予農業水資源管理組織公權力。一則可藉農業水資源管理組織充沛的人力資源減輕公務部門的稽查污染事件工作壓力，另則可使農業用水在資源匱乏時支援民生及工業用水，藉由水利行政單位的協力合作，以共渡水資源危機。
In recent years, due to the intensification of water shortage crisis related to climate change, there has been increasing emphasis on the economic value of water resources, thus water has been managed economically. As economy in human society continues to develop, water is no longer considered a free resource. Generally speaking, rainfall in Taiwan region is quite abundant; however, water shortage still frequently occurs in summer and autumn because of uneven distribution of rainfall time-wise and location-wise. Under circumstances of water shortage, agriculture is often deprived of water in order to supplement water supplies insufficient in people's livelihood and industry. As a result, the allocation of agricultural water has become a hot topic. Considering the facts that Taiwan’s agricultural water consumption represents 70% of the overall water usage in Taiwan and that certain agriculture lands have been converted for transportation or construction usage, it prompts as a key issue in sustaining the long lasting water resources management to rationally optimize and re-allocate limited water resources among the ever shrinking agriculture lands and other growing demands on water in various areas.
In chronological order, this study first introduces the evolution of managerial organizations for agricultural water resources, and then existing legal basis for managing agricultural water resources is examined for the importance of its role and for the study of current managerial mechanism. Next, in view of the predicament beneath the modern management of agricultural water resources and the derived effect from "Soil and Groundwater Pollution Remediation Act" impacting such management the most, the trend for future management of agricultural water resources is further elaborated.
This research finds out that public drainage facilities have been imperfect for long time where existing waste water mostly get discharged via agricultural water conservancy facilities. In this case, agricultural water resources suffer pollutions to different degrees, hence the shrinking usable water resources, because of the non-separation between irrigation and drainage channels and that although the managerial organizations for agricultural water resources are granted the status of a legal person, their public authority has not been exercised, let alone their own inconsistent criteria on discharged water quality. In addition, the overall efficiency of use of water resources is further impacted with the rigidity of current water rights management system and by the restriction on allocation of agricultural water to other purposes. Therefore, it is crucial to centralize a water resources management, to amend existing relevant laws and regulations, and to empower the centralized managerial organization for agriculture water resources with public authority. By doing so, it may alleviate the pressure of the public sector from auditing pollution incidents through the adequate man power at the managerial organization for agricultural water resources; further, it may also help break through the water resources crisis by using agricultural water to rescue livelihood and industry during the time of water scarcity through the cooperation of water conservancy organizations. |
