| 摘要: | 1942年5月2日毛澤東在延安召開文藝座談會，在座談會的引言中，毛澤東針對文藝工作者，率先揭櫫在中國人民解放的戰爭中，有文武兩戰線，將文化戰線與軍事戰線等量齊觀。
毛澤東認為解放戰爭有文武兩個戰場，然而這兩個戰場並非各自孤立，而是相為互補。毛澤東認為文化戰線的文化，所指即是文學與藝術。對於文藝而言，毛澤東認為「是整個革命機器的一個組成部分，作為團結人民、教育人民、打擊敵人、消滅敵人的有力武器。幫助人民同心同德地和敵人做鬥爭。」由於中共所面對各時期的生存條件與發展形勢的不同，因之，基於各個時期政治任務的考量在文化戰線的攻守作為自有區別。
對於中共的生存與發展，文化戰線對內是求取生存，鞏固軍心與民意向心。對外則是在符合生存條件之下，擴大宣傳作為，爭取群眾支持。誠然中共自1921年在共產國際扶植下創黨，1924年中共黨員以個人身分加入中國國民黨，藉此擴大力量。也因政治理念殊異兩者摩擦日熾。終於1927年中國國民黨有清黨之舉。中共自此循建國理念建立根據地，並成立中華蘇維埃共和國。與當時國民政府形成5次的圍剿與反圍剿之戰。1934年10月中共中央面對國民政府第5次圍剿失利，從中央蘇區潰敗，紅軍流轉萬千里，1935年10月落腳陝北難以再戰， 1936年12月12日爆發西安事變，中共在陝北局勢才予稍安。
中共師法列寧面對危機「媾和是積聚力量的手段」，1937年8月國共和談，敗走陝北紅軍接受國民政府改編，初為第八路軍後稱第十八集團軍，同年10月原流竄南方八省的殘餘紅軍，接受國民政府改編成立新編第四軍。自此中共在延安以抗日為名，自行對第八路軍與新編第四軍發號司令，深入敵後擴大佔領區，建立抗日根據地厚植實力積蓄力量。八年抗戰結束，不數年內戰爆發主客易位，國民政府遷徙海隅台灣一地，中共則開國於大陸。何以中共成立不到30年，竟能與當時成立已近60年，尚為執政的中國國民黨在逐鹿中原時勝出？中共在文化戰線上的得力，實是不可忽視的重要因素之一。
本研究主要目的在以中共文化戰線觀點，探討中共從建黨前後，以迄對日抗戰結束，在文化戰線的作為演進與變化，進而研析此時期中共生存與發展的文化策略運用。
On May 2nd, 1942, Mao Zedong made a keynote speech in a literary and artistic symposium, which was called in Yan'an, and announced for the first time that there were civil and military fronts, both of which were equally important, in the war of Chinese people's liberation.
According to Mao Zedong, there were two battlefields which were not isolated but complementary to each other in the liberation war. Mao Zedong pointed out that the “culture” of the term “cultural front” refers to the literature and art. “Literature and art,” Mao said, “are integral parts of the revolutionary machine.” He added that they were powerful weapons for uniting and educating the people and for striking and destroying the enemy, and that they helped the people fight the enemy with one heart and one mind. The situations varied from different periods to another, therefore, so were the political tasks of the cultural front.
For the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), the cultural front was internally to seek their own survival and consolidate morale and public opinion and externally to be propagated to win public support. It is true that the CCP was established under the Communist International in 1921. In 1924, the members of CCP joined the Chinese National Party (Kuomintang or KMT) in their own name to expand their power. However, due to the conflicting political concepts, Kuomintang finally purged Communists within the party in 1927 Afterward, the Chinese Communist Party established the Chinese Soviet Republic, Such a fact made them to experience five failed suppressions led by the Nationalist Government. In October of 1934, the Central Committee of the CCP launched the Long March when they faced the Nationalist Government's fifth encirclement. Traversing thousands of miles, in October 1935 the fatigued Red Army settled in northern Shaanxi. On December 12, 1936, with the Xi'an Incident breaking out, the CCP in northern Shaanxi became safe.
Copying Lenin’s strategy for amassing power through peace negotiations, at the 1937 KMT-CCP peace talks, the Red Army in northern Shaanxi was reorganized into the Eighth Route Army, while the remnants of the Red Army in the southern provinces became the so-called New Fourth Army. Since then, taking advantage of the Japanese aggression, the CCP at Yan’an ordered the Eighth Route Army and the New Fourth Army to expand occupied areas behind the enemy, establishing many resource-rich bases. Once the Sino-Japanese War was over, the situation had become favorable to the CCP. Hence, the People’s Republic of China was founded while the Nationalist Government retreated to Taiwan. How could the CCP, a party being less than thirty years since its birth, win the victory over the then ruling KMT which had already had a long history of nearly six decades? The victory of the CCP on the cultural front is one of the important factors that cannot be ignored.
The purpose of this study is to explore the evolution of the CCP’s cultural front from the establishment of the Chinese Communist Party through the Sino-Japanese War and furthermore to analyze the cultural strategies that supported the CCP’s survival and development. |
