論我國憲政權力分立實務之運作

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Title:	論我國憲政權力分立實務之運作 A Study on The Practice of Separation of Powers of Constitutional System
Authors:	陳愛香
Contributors:	法律學系碩士在職專班
Keywords:	權力分立制衡憲政體制總統制內閣制半總統制國會調查權委任立法行政命令司法解釋
Date:	2017
Issue Date:	2017-03-29 14:46:15 (UTC+8)
Abstract:	人類歷史飽受政治獨裁統治之苦難經驗，以設計「權力分立」使權力不集中單一部門，而對自由產生威脅。又權力分立即是政府組織之設計，主要將權力分立分為立法權、行政權及司法權，並由此三部門行使﹔又同時設計讓權力相互維持平衡，並使三個權力彼此制衡，從而帶給人民自由遠離暴政。而權力分立並不是完美制度，其精髓-「分權」與「制衡」，但在實務運作中立法權與行政權難免產生爭議，此時，必須仰賴司法部門依憲法規定作出合理的司法解釋以予釐清之。政府組織除了「權力分立」之設計，加上憲政體制，而世界上之憲政體制主要有三種類型，如以美國為主的「總統制」﹙presidential system﹚、以英國為主的「內閣制」(parliamentary system)、及以法國為主的「半總統制」(semi-presidential system)，其以「信任制度」、「副署制度」、「負責制度」三要素為基準，並以行政權與立法權互動之特徵等為判斷。而依上述標準來判斷我國憲政體制，「修憲前」、「修憲後」、及目前實務運作之憲政體制，有類似總統制、內閣制或半總統制等。本文從上述探討權力分立原則與憲政體制，並舉三案例分別為「以真調會為例」、「以服貿協議立法過程為例」、及以「副總統兼行政院院長及行政院長總辭為例」，來探討是否違反權力分立原則。如真調會之國會調查權是否合憲﹖是否侵範行政權、司法權﹖服貿協議是行政協定或行政命令，依委任立法訂定服貿協議之立法過程是否合憲﹖是否違反委任立法之國會監督與制衡﹖又如以當時之憲政體制「副總統兼行政院長」，司法解釋作出合憲是否違反權力之制衡﹖最後，綜上之探討本文作出研究發現及提出建議，並期盼我國政府是一個有能力分權與制衡的政府。 Human history, the suffering of the political experience of the dictatorship, in order to design "separation of powers" so that power is not concentrated single department, and a threat to freedom. And the separation of powers is designed by governmental organizations, primarily the separation of powers into legislative, executive and judicial powers, and thus the three departments to exercise; and be designed to let each other to maintain a balance of power, the balance of powers and three each other so give people freedom away from tyranny. The separation of powers is not a perfect system, its essence - "separation of powers" and "checks and balances", but in the practical operation of the legislative and executive power will inevitably generate controversy, this time, we must rely on the judiciary to make a reasonable explanation to justice in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution to clarify it. Governmental organizations, in addition to "separation of powers" of the design, there are constitutional system, and the constitutional system of the world. There are three main types, such as US-based "presidential system", the UK-based 'parliamentary system", and the French-based "semi-presidential system" with its "trusted system", "countersign system", "responsible for the system," the three elements as a reference, and the executive power and legislative power of interactive features as the judge. And according to the above criteria to judge our constitutional system, "before amending," "after the constitutional amendment", and "the practical operation of the current constitutional system", which may be similar to a presidential system, parliamentary system or semi-presidential system. This article from the discussion "separation of powers" to "constitutional system", citing three cases are an example to "True Inquiry Board", "the Legislative Process of the Agreement of Trading Service " as an example," and to constitutionality, " A Vice President and Executive Premier Job and the Executive Yuen Resignation of the example "to investigate whether they violate the principle of separation of powers. As congressional investigative powers will be really constitutionally? Is it may invasion of executive and judicial powers? The Agreement of Trading Service is an executive agreement or executive order, set by delegated legislation legislative process of it constitutionality? Is a violation of congressional oversight and checks and balances appointed legislation? Another example is in the constitutional system, " A Vice President and Executive Premier Job" at that time, the judicial power of checks and balances is a violation of constitutional interpretation made? Finally, the sum of the findings made herein to explore and make recommendations and look forward to our government is a government capable of decentralization and checks and balances.
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