| 摘要: | 七世紀，朝鮮半島上高句麗、百濟與新羅，在權力重新整合的過程中，有意識地將唐日牽扯其中，單純的國家事件演變成國際紛爭。東亞國際局勢的變化，牽動唐日的對外政策。唐太宗、高宗對東面高句麗征戰時，又必須兼顧西方與北面的對外經略。東西作戰之下，唐朝難以兼顧，最終還是將攻滅的百濟、高句麗的支配權，拱手讓給新羅，替朝鮮半島的統一大業鋪路。
朝鮮三國之戰，日本助百濟復國，與唐軍大戰白江口。戰敗之痛讓日本重新思考，並調整對外政策，日本遣唐使活動更長達二百六十餘年。遣唐使團中留學生是擔任學習高度文明，並將所學成果帶回日本發展的重要角色。留學生阿倍仲麻呂，後易名朝衡，在玄宗朝入唐。朝衡進國子監太學，接受唐朝官學教育，應貢舉考試，參加吏部銓選，循著唐朝文人的入仕途徑，進入官僚體系。雖為外族人士，在唐擔任文官卻長達四、五十年，並跨越玄、肅、代三朝。
本論文除了說明朝衡所處的國際環境，以及入唐後求學與貢考的過程。尤其朝衡在唐的任官經歷、官職的剖析，更是筆者研究的重點，並以開元二十一年(733)為基準，將朝衡在玄宗朝任官的時間分為前期與後期。朝衡在前期的任官經歷，可以說是一路平步青雲，仕途遷轉之順遂，令時人稱羨。開元二十一年，朝衡動了回鄉之心，提出歸國請求，唐廷卻不許。這或許與他當時擔任的左補闕有關，補闕是皇帝的近臣，與玄宗較有互動的機會。此時若是離唐歸日或許有情資走漏之疑慮。筆者認為朝衡的仕途至此開始就有了不同的轉變。
在玄宗朝後期，朝衡的官運長達十餘年停滯不前，天寶年間卻擢升從三品的清貴高官，但任職時間都不長，榮譽性質大於實質功能。這些官職的變動應該與天寶十一載(752) 入唐的遣唐使團有關。翌年，朝衡隨著遣唐使團準備返回日本，途中卻遭遇海難，漂流至安南。輾轉回到長安，不久即遇上動搖唐朝國本的安史之亂。經歷這些波折後，朝衡還能繼續在肅宗、代宗朝為官。肅宗朝，朝衡擔任左散騎常侍，這是皇帝身邊的清要官。不久之後即轉任安南都護，離開長安。由時人稱羨的京官，出任至遙遠的地方官，最終歸於唐土。
唐朝任官的外族人士雖多，還是以擔任武職的將領為主。能在朝廷擔任文官的外族，多是漢化的胡人以及其後代。像朝衡以留學生身分入唐，應舉當官的例子鮮少。尤其任官時間之長，又侍奉三代君主，更是難得。本論文試著以不同的角度切入，企圖還原朝衡在唐的事蹟。
Goguryeo, Paekche, and Silla of the Korean Peninsula were consciously involved the Tang Dynasty and Japan in the reintegration of power during the 7th century, transforming a simple national incident into an international conflict. Changes in international dynamics of East Asia affected the foreign strategy between the Tang Dynasty and Japan. Apart from facing the war against Goguryeo in the east, Tang Taizong and Tang Gaozong also had to deal with regulatory commissioners from the west and north. With military conflicts in the east and west, the Tang Dynasty was unable to cope and finally gave up the rights to Paekche and Goguryeo, giving them to Silla and paving the path of a united Korean Peninsula.
With war between the three kingdoms of Korea, Japan assisted in rebuilding Paekche, meeting the Tang army at the Battle of Paekchon River. The pain of losing the battle forced Japan to rethink and adjust their foreign policies, leading to more than 260 years of activities of Japan Kentoushi (Japanese ambassadors dispatched to the Tang court). Foreign students of the Kentoushi group were responsible for learning from highly sophisticated cultures and importing what they learned abroad for the development of Japan. Foreign student Abenakamaro, later known as Chao Heng, entered Tang society during the reign of Tang Xuanzong. Chao Heng entered the State University (Guozi Jian) of the Imperial Academy (Taixue) and received Tang’s official education, participated in the imperial examination, and joined the civil election of The Ministry of Personnel (Lipu). He followed the path of joining public office of Tang intellectuals and entered the bureaucratic system. Despite his identity as a foreigner, Chao Heng served as a civil servant (wenguan) in the Tang Dynasty for up to four or five decades, spanning the three generations of Tang Xuanzong, Tang Suzong, and Tang Daizong.
Apart from explaining the international dynamics during the time Chao Heng was in office and his path of studying and participating in the imperial exam, this research also focuses on Chao Heng’s experience as an official of the Tang court and the analysis of his post. Specifically, this research marks the 21st year of the Kaiyuan Era (A.D. 773) as the division for the first and second half of Chao Heng’s post during the Tang Xuanzong period. The first half of Chao Heng’s post in the Tang court was relatively successful and Chao Heng had a smooth career that was envied by many. In the 21st year of the Kaiyuan Era, Chao Heng started thinking about returning to his homeland and raised a request to return; the motion was denied by the Tang court. This was perhaps related to his post as Zuo Bujue, since Bujue was a close official to the emperor and had more opportunity of interacting with Tang Xuanzong; leaving Tang and returning to Japan raised concerns about leakage of national intelligence. This paper believes this to be the turning point for Chao Heng’s career.
In the second half of Chao Heng’s post, he endured up to ten years of career stagnation, but was promoted to high office as a third-grade official during the Tianbao Era. However, the posts were short-lived and more honorary than practical. These changes in Chao Heng’s post could be influenced by the Kentoushi group which entered the Tang Dynasty during the 11th year of the Tianbao Era (A.D. 752). The following year, as Chao Heng joined the Kentoushi group to sail back to Japan, the group was shipwrecked, and Chao Heng drifted to Annam. Not long after finally returning to Chang An, Chao Heng encountered the An-Shi Rebellion, an incident that shook the foundations of the Tang Dynasty. Chao Heng was still able to take post in the court of Tang Suzong and Tang Daizong after all this turmoil. In the court of Tang Suzong, Chao Heng served as Left Cavalier Attendant-in-Ordinary (zuo sanji changshi), a high position by the side of the emperor with little duties. Soon after, Chao Heng was transitioned as The Protectorate General of Annam and left Chang An. Chao Heng’s career went through the enviable official of the capital to a remote local official, finally returning to the land of the Tang Dynasty.
Despite the numerous foreign official that served during the Tang Dynasty, most took post as generals of military officials (wuguan). Foreigners who could serve as civil servants in the court were mostly sinicised Hu people and their offspring. Figures such as Chao Heng, who entered the Tang court as a foreign student and joined the imperial exam to become an official, were scarce, and the fact that Chao Heng served for a long period, spanning three emperors, was even rarer. This paper attempts to investigate this from different viewpoints to gain a perspective on Chao Heng’s post in the Tang court. |
