| 摘要: | 臺灣光復50年來，各種農作物生產之興衰，有顯著的變化。一般而言，糧食作物 、飼料用雜糧作物、特用作物均由盛而衰；園藝作物中，凡以外銷為主之作物均減產，內銷 之果樹與蔬菜則增加；花卉在近年增加極速。這些作物生產上的變遷，作物不同，原因亦異 。 水稻為主要糧食作物，原以達到自給自足為目標，但經濟發展後，人民生活習性改變， 再加政府保價收購，致造成1980年間的生產過剩，並由實施稻田轉作，減少生產。1994年栽 培面積僅有36.6萬公頃，生產糙米168萬公噸，比1976年最高生產量271萬公噸減少38%。將 來貿易自由化後，稻米仍將減少生產，維持年產量140-150萬公噸。飼料作物中玉米、大豆 、高粱由於1960年代政府鼓勵生產，保價收購，生產增加迅速，都成為新興作物。但自玉米 、大豆等開放大量進口後，由於價格低廉，省產大豆雖有保價收購，仍然無法競爭，終予減 產；玉米則因稻田轉作之鼓勵，尚能暫時保持穩定；高粱則係新興作物，供製酒原料，再以 高產雜交品種之育成推廣，使其產量增加。不過這些雜糧作物在國際貿易自由化後，保價取 消，均難生存，因此生產將趨向以食用為目的，如甜玉米、食用玉米等；高粱則公賣局不再 契約生產，其存在頗有問題。甘藷過去為主要飼料來源，1960年代鼓勵生產，故栽培面積始 終維持在23萬公頃，生產量達370萬公噸左右，但白玉米替代作為飼料後，生產量大減， 1994年僅餘一萬公頃左右，生產量18萬公噸，均供健康食品之用。花生生產亦下降，因花生 收穫需工多，單位產量低，再加大陸走私進口花生的競爭，近年已由最高年產量13.6萬公噸 ，降為1994年的8公噸左右。 特用作物中，甘蔗原以製糖外銷為主，換取外匯，多年來維持年生產量70-80萬公噸， 1977年生產量最高曾達107萬公噸。目前生產成本增加，國際市場價格低迷，外銷虧損，故 蔗糖也逐漸減產。未來生產目標大約維持在年產量40萬公噸左右，供內銷之用。菸草為公賣 局契約生產，年生產面積在一萬公頃左右，生產菸葉25000公噸。目前省產菸葉價格已超過 美菸，同時公賣局將改組民營，菸葉生產目前以每年600公頃的速度減產中，將來是否仍能 繼續生產，頗成問題。茶葉生產以內銷為主，少量外銷，由於臺茶有特殊的品質，故生產尚 稱穩定，變幅較小。 園藝作物中，外銷為主之香蕉與鳳梨均因生產成本高，國際競爭激烈而失去外銷市場。 香蕉由於特殊品質，每年仍有400-500萬箱外銷日本。鳳梨則僅生產鮮果供國內市場需要， 少量外銷，故近年生產量稍有回升。柑桔以內銷為主，少量外銷，需求量大，故生產量仍在 增加中，目前年產量在50-55萬公噸左右。葡萄由於大部為公賣局契約生產之製酒原料，保 價收購，獲利頗豐，產量逐年增加，已超過需要量，公賣局改刷，葡萄產量必需下降，提高 品質。其他亞熱帶果樹如木瓜、芒果，蓮霧等之生產有上升趨勢。蔬菜種類甚多，外銷為主 之洋菇與蘆勞，1970年間使我國一度為出口最多的國家。但目前由於國際競爭，兩者均無出 口，有限的生產量僅供國內鮮食市場之需。洋蔥則仍將維持目前的穩定生產。花卉自1978年 開始有生產紀錄以來，1994年的產值佔農作物生產值的4.6%，今後仍具有發展前景。
During the last 50 years, crop production in Taiwan has undergone prominent change. The production of food, upland and special crops in general decreased, while horticultural crops, including fruits, vegetables and flower and ornamental plants, all increased, except for few export crops. However, the significance and causes of change varied with crops. Rice is the major food crop. The aim of production was self-sufficiency before 1980. The government encouraged farmers to increase rice production by using new technologies and a guaranteed price purchasing program. Thus, production reached 2.71 million tons of brown rice in 1976. On the other hand, people consumed more and more wheat and animal products instead of rice in their daily diet. Therefore, rice over-production resulted in the 1980's. For the purpose of reducing rice production, a rice conversion program was launched in 1984. By 1994, rice production was reduced to 1.68 million tons, a 38% reduction compared with 1976. Upland crops, including sweet potatoes, corn , soybeans, sorghum and peanuts, all decreased in production, especially sweet potatoes. Their production decreased from 3.71 million tons in the 1960's to 180,000 ton in 1994 because low-price imported corn replaced sweet potatoes as animal feed. Soybeans and corn were introduced in the 1960's as new crops. However, soybeans production decreased drastically thereafter because of cropping system changes, while corn remained at the same production level by replacing rice in the rice conversion program. Sorghum is another new crop in Taiwan used as a raw material for making liquor. Its production has been increasing in recent years because it has been produced under contract with the Taiwan Monopoly Bureau at high profit. Peanut production is relatively stable, though its acreage has slightly decreased due to a high labor requirement in harvest and peanuts smuggled from the Chinese mainland. Special crops include sugarcane, tobacco, and tea. Only tea stayed relatively stable in production due to domestic consumption. Sugarcane was the most important crop for export in the 1970's. Annual production was maintained at 700,000-800,000 tons, and the highest production was 1.07 million ton in 1977 as a result of technological improvements and a guaranteed price system. However , the low international market price for sugar during the last 15 years has made the export of sugar unprofitable, so sugar production has gradually decreased. Only 470,000 tons of sugar were produced in 1994 for domestic use only. Tobacco production was rather stable because it was also under contract with the Monoply Bureau. The acreage is maintained at 10,000 ha, and the annual leaf tobacco production has been around 20,000-25,000 tons for a long time. Since the production cost has increased so rapidly in recent years, the price of locally produced leaf tobacco is even higher than that of imported Virginia tobacco. The Monopoly Bureau, of course, is no longer interested in contract production. In order not to terminate tobacco production too suddenly, an annual acreage reduction of 600-700 ha was agreed upon with the tobacco farmers. Among the horticultural crops, bananas, pineapples, mushrooms, and asparagus were the major export crops, the result of scientific production breakthroughs. They played an important role in earning foreign exchange for the nation's economic development in the 1970's. During the 1980's, all these crops, except bananas, lost their international competitiveness because of their high production costs. Bananas, however, have been maintained at 4-5 million boxes exported to Japan annually because of the special quality of Taiwan bananas. The production of other tropical fruits, such as citrus, mango, lichi, was apple, grapes, etc., is continuously increasing due to both domestic use and export. Flowers and ornamental plants are newly developed horticultural products and may boom in production in the future. Since 1990, the government has with great effort been preparing Taiwan to participate in the World Trade Organization in Organization in order to lead the nation to trade liberalization. However, this move has had great impacts on crop production because all guaranteed price systems must be lifted and tariffs reduced. Local agricultural products will experience heavy competition with imported goods. In order to minimize these impacts, the government is taking the following steps on crop production. Rice production is being reduced to 1.4-1.5 million tons annually. Upland crops are no longer produced for feed but used as health food and vegetables for domestic use or for export. The annual sugar production is to be maintained at 400,000 tons for domestic use only. Future tobacco production is uncertain; it depends on the policy of the Monopoly Bureau after its reorganization as a private enterprise. The horticultural crops are relatively less affected except grapes for wine production. The Monopoly Bureau does not need the current large quantity, and this needs to be reduced. Tropical fruits, vegetables and ornamental plants will probably continue to increase in production in the near future. |
