| 摘要: | 「聯合國氣候變化框架公約」之《京都協定書(Kyoto Protocol,KP)》於1997年通過，於2005年2月生效。為達到聯合國氣候變化框架公約全球溫室氣體減量的終極目標，中國於2009年9月正式宣布制定2020年減排二氧化碳40至45%(相較於2005年)之目標，此發表揭開中國逐步由CDM為主之排放交易系統轉變為總量管制排放交易機制之序幕。中國國家發展改革委員會於2011年10月29日發布「國家發展改革委辦公廳關於開展碳排放權交易試點工作的通知」，中國國務院於同年12月印發十二五控制溫室氣體排放工作方案的通知，批准北京、天津、上海、重慶、湖北、廣東、深圳“兩省五市”開展碳排放權交易試點工作，並分三階段推動。本研究針對目前中國試點計畫之排放權交易發展現況進行彙整，並以管制總量、管制部門、門檻、排放量估算基準年、排放配額、抵換機制及違反規定之處分等面向綜合評析遭遇之困難及未來發展趨勢；中國大力推動排放交易試點，因其碳排放量太大形成國內統一交易市場的機會很高；惟總量估算、核配基準與法制約束等挑戰仍多，適逢「胡、溫」交棒，「習、李」體制在氣候與能源政策上不會有重大改變，但推動力道是否會減弱，尚待觀察。
The Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) was adopted in December 1997 and entered into force in February 2005. To join the global efforts in attaining greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction targets set by the UNFCCC, China's State Council announced the country's carbon intensity reduction goal in September 2009: to reduce the amount of GHGs emitted per unit GDP by 40-45% by 2020, compared with 2005. With a domestic carbon market previously dominated by CDM projects, the announcement has ushered China into a new era of a national cap-and-trade system. On October 29, 2011, China's National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) announced the implementation of pilot emission trading schemes (ETS) in five cities and two provinces: Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, Chongqing, Shenzhen, Hubei Province and Guangdong Province. In December of the same year, China's State Council officially approved the seven cities and provinces as ETS pilots, which would be developed in three phases. This paper presents current development of the seven ETS pilots in China. Furthermore, design elements of the seven ETS pilots, including emission caps, regulated sectors, baseline year, emission permit allocation, offset mechanisms, and penalties, are analyzed to shed light on difficulties encountered during the implementation of the ETS pilots, and their future development trajectories. China has been proactively pushing forward the ETS pilot schemes to address its sizable GHG emissions and to facilitate the eventual creation of a national ETS. Nevertheless, there are still various challenges to be overcome, such as the calculation of the emission cap, allocation of emission permits, and regulatory restrictions. While China's climate change and energy policies are not expected to go through major changes under the Xi-Li Administration, the speed with which the ETS pilots will continue to develop is yet to be observed. |
