| 摘要: | 美國二十世紀哲學家理查．羅蒂(1931－2007)，為當代最著名的哲學家之一。其著作《哲學與自然之鏡》一書，討論了二十世紀以來的知識論問題，並且在書中提出｢教化｣的哲學意義。本文認為，傳統哲學對於｢心靈｣、｢真理｣等等知識概念，都是因為將這些概念視為最重要的問題核心。不過，羅蒂在《哲學與自然之鏡》書中，卻將這些概念做出一系列的批判，並試圖解釋這些概念之所以產生問題的原因。而在傳統知識論的討論中，這些概念是支持｢人｣能夠認識的能力。羅蒂解開這些觀點的方式，是從二十世紀的知識論歷史，來逐步發現其中的問題。首先，羅蒂認為傳統哲學因為將這些概念作為中心，因此推論出哲學的樣貌，但是這些樣貌卻是因為｢心靈｣才得以存在，哲學進而變成為羅蒂所謂的｢鏡像｣形式。其次，羅蒂對於傳統哲學追求｢真理｣，並將此概念視為絕對的作法表示反對。因而他認為｢真理｣只是一個相對性的理解，而並非如笛卡兒所謂的｢第一哲學｣這麼重要。因此，他在後來許多著作中，並不以｢真理｣做為追求的目的，而是討論｢真理｣的內涵，並藉由所擅長的分析哲學，對｢真理｣概念進行解析。本文認為，羅蒂試圖將傳統哲學的看法，透過質疑並反問這些內容，進而解決傳統哲學問題所帶來心物二元的困惑。
羅蒂將傳統哲學內容解析後，進而在《哲學與自然之鏡》書中提出｢教化｣的概念。他認為哲學既然已非最高的頂點，那麼新的哲學應該是透過｢對話｣來進行反省。｢教化｣的哲學進行，並不是要再另立一個新的標準，而是經由談論者的個人文化背景，與各個文化對談。本文認為，羅蒂試圖以｢教化｣來代替哲學，並從｢教化｣討論政治與社會的各個哲學問題。當然羅蒂此一概念的進行，是否能成為哲學的另一種討論方式，則是由｢文化｣這個概念所包含的各層面，即｢政治｣、｢社會｣或是｢宗教｣來入手。本文認為，如果要討論｢教化｣之觀點，必須先對於《哲學與自然之鏡》書中對認識論之批判開始著手，再來是透過討論羅蒂對於｢文化｣概念中的｢政治｣或是｢社會｣等觀點，經由｢教化｣之意識進行研究，而此即為本文著述之研究目的.
In Twentieth century, Richard Rorty (1931-2007), was the one of famous philosopher of American. He’s book “Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature” to discuss the epistemology problem of Twentieth century, and created the concept “Edification” in this book. In traditional philosophy, the concept “Mind” or “Truth” was the important core issues of philosophy, but from Rorty, the traditional philosophy had much problem and the problem came from the concept “Mind” or “Truth”. By this book, Rorty attempt to solve the philosophy problem from “Mind” or “Truth”. Rorty believes the concept “Mind” made “philosophy mirror”, and this mirror was understood from modern philosophy especially Descartes’s view of Mind-Body, then now Rorty try to crack “philosophy mirror” that instead of philosophy by “Edification”. On the other hand, Rorty resolve the other concept “Truth”, too. He question this concept “truth” became the standard in philosophy research, and against this standard. Therefore, Rorty discuss “Mind” or “Truth” and with “Edification” to resolve the philosophy problem.
In the book “Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature”, Rorty’s “Edification” think that the philosophy is “dialogue”, that mean everyone could be conversation by his culture background not only use from Profound philosophy word. Of course, the concept “Edification” to push interlocutor to understand culture’s content include the concept “politic” or “social”, too. So, if want to research the concept “Edification”, the first is to start discuss the book “Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature” to research Rorty’s thought, and second is research the concept of “politic” or “social” by “Edification”. |
