| 摘要: | 隨著經濟的進步，我國現在採公私法三元論，主張以社會主義調和階級落差，逐發展出社會法。惟隨著全球化，中產階級逐漸消失，階級差距越來越大，我國已然邁入M型化社會。在現代，國家與人民之關係已非絕對的強勢或弱勢，右端富人階級其社會和經濟地位往往可以左右政府的決策，其經濟實力和專業能力可以遊走法律之邊緣。
以環境法之罰鍰和怠金為例，也是隨著社會和經濟之發展，左端窮人階級不會因亂丟垃圾等行為，逃避少額罰鍰，僅右端富人階級為了追求利潤，建立了工廠、公司，汙染環境後，又逃避大額罰鍰和怠金所帶來之社會議題。
違法人民第一次違反環境法，係違反行政法上義務。第二次故意以不法手段逃避罰鍰或怠金，可謂詐害公法上債權，亦侵害環境法背後所保護之公益。違法人民惡性重大，屢次侵害公益，目前僅有損害債權罪可以規範。如果私法上債權值得保護，具公益性質之債權更應值得保護。國家或行政機關應可以代表公益之損害，向人民請求損害賠償。
此一新型社會議題，屬於嗣後且顯然之法律漏洞，填補方式為類推適用或者立法。侵害私法上債權之請求權基礎為民法第184條第1項後段，與侵害公法上債權之請求權構成要件類似，惟一不同處在於公法上債權。又公法之侵權行為法亦具填補損害和預防損害之功能，與民法之侵權行為法具同一法律理由，依平等原則，應導出類推適用之結果。類推適用之結果亦具目的性和妥當性。
故國家和行政機關得向行政法院請求公法上侵權行為之損害賠償，以行政執行法、特別之行政罰法之配套措施，加以落實。
Due to economic progress, our country stand for legal third theory, use the Socialism to reconcile social class, and then the Social Law to appear. Due to the Globalization, the middle class is missing, and the gap of the social class becoming bigger, our country is M-form society now. The relationship of the country and the people is not absolutely strong and weak. The power of wealthy class can influence National Policy in society and economy. Due to strength of economy and professional, they can find a loophole in the law.
For example, Fines and penalty payment of Environmental Law, only
the wealthy class could create factory and start a company to polluted environment, and then escaped large fines and penalty payment for profit. The poor class would not escape few fines and penalty payment, because to litter.
First, people who violate environmental law, the meaning are to violate the obligations on the administrative acts. Second, people who escape fines and penalty payment with illegal means, the significance is to violate common good. The violator has serious offence, often against the commonweal, only the offences of destruction, abandonment, and damage can be standardized. If the civil debt is worth to protect, the public debt is worthier to protect. Country or administrative agent can claim against the Violator, based on tort in respect of commonweal.
The new social issues is a lagging and apparent loophole in the law. The loophole in law can be supplemented with the ways of deduction and the legislation.
Civil Code Article 184, paragraph after paragraph 1 is the basic of claim about civil debt was damaged. It is similar the basic of claim about public debt was damaged. Only different space is public debt. Public tort law can compensate and forestall damage, like civil tor law. According to the Equality, torts in public law shall apply mutatis mutandis to civil tort law. The result is purpose-specific and appropriateness.
Administrative agent Claim against the people, based on tort in respect of damage to or loss of public property occurring. And then, administrative agent carries out it, according to administrative execution law and administrative penalty act. |
