| 摘要: | 本研究旨在瞭解臺北地區成年人「來生信念」與「生命意義感」之現況，及檢視不同「個人背景因素」之臺北地區成年人在「來生信念」與「生命意義感」上的差異情形，並探討臺北地區成年人的「來生信念」與「生命意義感」間之相關性。
本研究係採「分層比例」及「滾雪球」方式進行取樣，選取居住於臺北地區（臺北市、新北市）之成年人為調查對象，正式施測樣本為400份，回收390份，回收率達97.5%，去除無效樣本，實得有效樣本384份，有效回收率96.0%。所使用之研究工具包括：「個人背景資料表」、「來生信念量表」及「生命意義感量表」，施測所得資料以統計應用軟體SPSS for Windows 22.0進行統計分析。本研究所採取的統計方法有：次數分配與百分比、平均數與標準差、單一樣本t檢定、獨立樣本t檢定、單因子變異數分析、雪費事後比較及皮爾森積差相關等。本研究結果如下：
一、臺北地區成年人之「來生信念」
（一）臺北地區成年人傾向「相信來生」，接受「因果報應」與「審判」的說法，認為來生將進入「地獄」或「天堂」。
（二）臺北地區「女性」成年人較「男性」成年人，更加相信來生境況為「天堂」。
（三）「年齡層」較長的臺北地區成年人，比較相信「確信其有」、「審判」、「救贖」、「因果報應」、「天堂」、「地獄」的說法。
（四）「未婚」的臺北地區成年人，比較相信來生境況將透過「自然法則」所決定。
（五）「教育程度」較低的臺北地區成年人，比較相信「確信其有」、「審判」、「救贖」、「因果報應」、「自然法則」、「天堂」、「地 獄」、「輪迴投胎」、「另一個人間」、「成神變鬼」的說法。
（六）不同「宗教信仰」的臺北地區成年人，其「來生信念」有顯著差異。
（七）「宗教參與頻率」較高的臺北地區成年人，其「來生信念」相信程度較高。
二、臺北地區成年人之「生命意義感」
（一）臺北地區成年人整體「生命意義感」趨於正向，覺得生命是具有意義與價值的。
（二）「年齡層」較長的臺北地區成年人，較能體現「靈性」的積極意涵。
（三）「教育程度」較高的臺北地區成年人，擁有較正向的生命意義感。
（四）有「宗教信仰」的臺北地區成年人，擁有較正向的生命意義感。
（五）「宗教參與頻率」較高的臺北地區成年人，擁有較正向的生命意義感。
（六）「曾經歷重大疾病」的臺北地區成年人，其「身心」層面之生命意義感較為負向。
三、臺北地區成年人「來生信念」與「生命意義感」之相關性
（一）臺北地區成年人的「來生信念」與「生命意義感」間，呈現顯著「中低度」之相關。
（二）「相信來生存在」的臺北地區成年人，其「生命意義感」相對正向。
（三）「愈不相信死後世界存在」的臺北地區成年人，其「生命意義感」越趨於負向，愈不覺得生命是具有意義與價值的。
根據研究的發現與結論，建議成年男性宜多參加生命教育相關課程，藉此尋得安身立命之道；另外，提醒年長者在積極投身宗教活動前，宜提高理智，審慎評估，並以開放、不排斥的態度，多接觸及參加正信宗教活動；最後，鼓勵年長者勇於分享自身生命經驗，透過經驗分享，協助年齡較輕者達成人生所交付之課題。此外，建議宗教團體可透過提供參與社會服務的方式，引導追隨者將宗教理念融入生活當中，並藉由生命教育課程的舉辦，強化其生命本質的開啟與體驗。最後，建議學校、政府相關單位或輔導機構，規劃生命教育課程時不宜過於學術性，宜融入各宗教核心價值，引導學習者探求信仰的真義，並透過生命教育及身心靈成長相關課程之舉辦，提升個人生命意義感；最後，為因應高齡化社會來臨，建議政府除加強宣導「喘息服務」方案，協助家庭照顧者提升個人生活品質外，應強化高齡者生命教育，藉此協助高齡者探索瞭解生命真相、回顧生命記憶、規劃未來生命歷程，以圓滿如意完成人生旅程。
The purpose of the study is to understand the current situation of the adults’s “afterlife beliefs” and “meaning in life” in Taipei area, and also examine the difference in respectively “afterlife beliefs” and “meaning in life ” for the adults with different “personal background factors” in Taipei area. In addition, this study explore the correlation between “afterlife beliefs” and “meaning in life” of the adults in Taipei area.
By stratified proportional sampling and snowball sampling, this study chose the adults living in Taipei area (Taipei City and New Taipei City) as the subjects. A total of 400 questionnaires were distributed in the formal survey, and 390 samples were retrieved, with a return rate of 97.5%. After eliminating invalid samples, there were 384 valid samples, with a valid return rate of 96.0%. The research instruments included the “Questionnaire on Personal Background Data, QPBD”, the “Scale of Afterlife Beliefs, SAB” and the “Scale of Meaning in Life, SML”. The SPSS for Windows 22.0 was used for statistical analyses of frequency distribution and percentage, mean and standard deviation, one-sample t test, independent sample t test, one-way ANOVA, Scheffe post hoc comparison, Pearson product-moment correlation. The research results are as follows:
1. Afterlife beliefs of the adults in Taipei area
1) The adults in Taipei area tend to believe the afterlife, the retributive justice and the judgment. Moreover, they consider that people will enter the hell or the heaven in the afterlife.
2) More female adults in Taipei area believe that people will enter the heaven in the afterlife than male adults.
3) The older adults in Taipei area tend to believe in such ideas as afterlife, judgment, salvation, retributive justice, heaven and hell.
4) The unmarried adults in Taipei area tend to believe that their afterlife will be decided by the laws of nature.
5) The adults with lower education level in Taipei area tend to believe in such ideas as afterlife, judgment, salvation, retributive justice, laws of nature, heaven, hell, samsara, another world, become immortals and ghosts.
6) The difference of belief in the afterlife is significant among the adults in Taipei area with different religious.
7) The adults in Taipei area with higher participation rate of religious activities have stronger belief in the afterlife.
2. Meaning in life of the adults in Taipei area
1) The adults’s sense of the meaning of life in Taipei area tends to the positive situation. They fell that self of the sense of life meaning has the meaning and value.
2) The older adults in Taipei area could sense the positive connotations of spirituality.
3) The adults with higher education level in Taipei area have more positive in sense of the meaning of life.
4) The adults in Taipei area with religious beliefs have more positive in sense of the meaning of life.
5) The adults in Taipei area with higher participation rate of religious activities have more positive in sense of the meaning of life.
6) The adults in Taipei area who have been caught in major diseases have negatively of the meaning of life in the aspect of physical and mental health.
3. The correlation of the adults’s afterlife beliefs and meaning in
life in Taipei area
1) The relationship between afterlife beliefs and meaning in life of the adults in Taipei area shows a significant low to moderate correlation.
2) The adults in Taipei area with afterlife beliefs have more positive in sense of the meaning of life.
3) The adults in Taipei area who don’t believe the afterlife have more
negative in sense of the meaning of life. They don’t fell that self
of the sense of life meaning has the meaning and value.
According to the finding and conclusion in this study, it is suggested that male adults take a greater number of courses relating to life education so that they could find the ways to settle down and get on with one's pursuit. Secondly, the older adults are reminded to develop a more rational attitude and make careful evaluations before devoting themselves actively into religious practices. They are also advised to come into contact and attend more faithful religious activities with an open and inclusive attitude. Lastly, the older adults should be brave to share their own experiences, by which younger people could be facilitated in learning life lessons. It is moreover suggested that religious groups guide the followers to integrate the religious beliefs into their lives by providing and participating in social services, and offer courses on life education to reinforce their realization and experience of the nature of life. Schools, relevant government authorities or mentoring services should be cautioned against planning courses that are too academic. Instead, they should integrate the core values of the various religions into the courses and guide the learners to the essence of these beliefs. They are also suggested to offer courses relating to life education and spiritual growth to enhance the meaning of life for individuals. In response to the increasingly aging society, it is advised that government should strengthen the life education for the elderly besides continuing with "respite care service" to improve the living quality of the caregivers in the family, so that the elderly could be facilitated in their exploration into the truth of life, the summary of life memories, the planning of future life, thus completing the journey of life with satisfaction. |
