| 摘要: | 充權是指增強人的權能，權能即是「權力與能力」，指的是個人可以掌握自己的生活空間與發展的各種有利動力。機構生活的團體作息或是為了管理方便設立一致性的管理辦法，使得安置兒少普遍存在有缺權的情況。機構中缺權的兒少並不代表其個人能力不足，兒少缺權的來源為，兒少本身過去的生命歷程，因此，没有權力意識感，或是没有權力主張的能力或思考的習慣；安置機構的權控環境；機構工作者的安全和保護心態，三個因素的相互作用下造成安置兒少無力感的來源。
本研究旨在運用戶外冒險方案做為充權的手段和方法，促進兒少在環境中勇於改變的動機，方案的成員共有11名安置兒少，採以質性研究為取向的參與觀察法，進行為期六天五夜的戶外冒險登山活動。充權被認為是個過程和結果乃為一種歷程作用。充權的啟動在於團體工作的開始期，首在機構生活要創造充權的環境，同理兒少在安置機構中的無力感，提昇兒置兒少的自我覺察，透過機構的權力開放，促進兒少與機構工作者的互動關係改變，表逹自己的想法，嘗試新方法解決問題；在團體的工作階段期，給與戶外冒險方案，發展必要技能，相互教育促進對話和團結；方案的歷程即是充權的歷程，經由主題分析，得到六個充權過程「戶外技能學習，自我挑戰」、「萬事起頭難，艱辛的五里路」、「危機重重，牽手共度」、「與生態共容，高峰喜悅」、「累積成功經驗，創造信心」、「自助，做自己的主人」。團體的結束期和追蹤期，實行新選擇和行為，發展行動策略，機構生活的自主權運用，深度訪談其中6名成員、2名機構工作者，分別探討兒少權能感的產生:
一、來自於方案的權能感為
1、具備充權五大核心能力
2、相互支持共創成功經驗
3、勇於挑戰能承擔個人責任
4.、具體的改變和行動
二、機構的權力開放為
1、發展個人權力運用策略
2、有效的權力操作方式
三、機構工作者的角色改變為
1、多一個伙伴
2、機構工作者管理方式的調整，以兒少為主導
3、看見安置兒少的優勢，同理和傾聽的運用
最後，透過機構工作者的反思在創造機構充權環境時，具備充權意識的重要性，期望能提供安置兒少實務工作及未來從事相關領域研究者，具體的參考方向。
Empowerment refers to enhancing people's power. Power means 「the rights and capacity」at the same time.Empowerment also means an individual can control various beneficial resources that affect their own living space and development. Residential children and youths in organization live with almost the same group routines. Or the residential organization in order to manage easily establishes consistent management rules. Therefore, residential children and youths are lack of power generally. However, residential children and youths lack of power doesn’t mean lack of personal abilities. There are three reasons how residential children and youths lack of power: residential children and youths past life processes that result in not having consciousness of rights, or not having abilities or think habits of advocate rights, the residential organization with power-control environment and the employees of the residential organization having protection and security attitudes. The interaction among three factors causes the powerlessness of residential children and youths.
The purpose of this study is to applying outdoor adventure programs as empowerment means and methods to encourage residential children and youths changing bravely in the environment. The program members were 11 residential children and youths. The study adopts a qualitative research design with participant observation for a period of six days and five nights of outdoor adventure mountaineering program activities.
Empowerment considered a process and a result at the same time. Empowerment starts from the beginning of the group work. Initial actions are creating empowering environment for organization’s life, empathizing the powerlessness of children and youths from residential organization, increasing self-awareness of residential children and youths, and releasing the power of residential organization. Those actions stimulate changing interaction relationships between residential children and youths and organizations’ employees, expressing their own ideas, and trying new ways to solve problems;
In the group working stage, carrying out outdoor adventure programs develop the necessary skills and educate each other in order to promote dialogue and solidarity; The processes of outdoor adventure programs are the processes of empowerment. Analyzing data thematically acquires six processes of empowerment: 「to learn outdoor skills, self-challenge」、「everything beginning is difficult, arduous five miles」、「full with crisis, hand in hand 」、「exist with ecology in peace ,Peak happiness」、「accumulated successful experiences, creating confidence」、「self-help, do their own masters」.
In the group final and tracking stage, executing new choices and behaviors develop action strategies and use of autonomy power in organization’s life. Applying in-depth interviews separately with six residential children and youths and two employees of residential organization discuss residential children and youths ’consciousness of power.
First of all, the consciousness of power from outdoor adventure programs:
1. Owns five empowerment core abilities.
2. Supporting each other in order to create success experiences.
3. Challenging boldly being able to take personal responsibilities.
4. Specific changes and acts.
Second, Residential organization releases power to:
1. Using strategies that could develop personal power.
2. The effective way to operate the power.
Third, the roles of residential employees change into:
1. Becoming another partner.
2. The residential employees adjust care management; set residential children and youths the center of services.
3. Seeing residential children and youths’ strengths, applying empathy and listen skill.
Finally, when organization workers through the reflections to create institutional empowerment in environment that maintains the significant of the empowerment consciousness, the researcher expect providing specific directions for practical works of residential children and youths or for the future researchers in related fields. |
