| 摘要: | 政策是政府管理的主要途徑和手段。是國家為謀實現政治上之目的而制定其具體方策。人口政策管理是國家公共行政管理的一項基本制度。其內容涉及到人口的出生、死亡、流動和遷移、健康等方面情況的登記、變更和管理。
人口政策是公共政策的一環。公共政策的制定和執行在整個公共管理中具有關鍵性的作用，是政府公共事務管理目標的主要策略。人口政策也不例外。人口政策通常是指政府為調節人口的數量、結構、分佈及其變化過程而制定的具有約束力和強制力的法律、法規、規定及措施的總和。如政府為提生育率用奬勵金作為政策工具，以達人口成長的目標。
人口政策是社會政策的一個組成部分。各國對人口政策有著不同的理解和價值判斷，但同時又都制定並實施人口政策來促進社會的穩定與永續發展。在人口政策的制定過程中，遵循永續發展的基本原則「既能滿足我們現今的需求，又不損害子孫後代能滿足他們的需求的發展模式。」建構經濟生產、社會生活與環境生態「三生」的人口策略取向。一是兼顧個人利益與公共利益，二是管理效率和社會公平兼顧，；三是經濟效益和社會效益兼顧。
臺灣當前的人口結構—少子、高齡、新移民。人口管理上呈現出特殊的現象。由高出生率、高死亡率的嬰兒潮迅速轉折為低出生率、低死亡的高齡社會。生育率的下降、扶養比的增加、外配人數的增加。人口結構的快速變遷，參酌他山之石，不外以補貼方式鼓勵生育，加強老人的照護及年金的問題，以及輔導外籍配偶融入臺灣並敎養新臺灣之子。臺灣在人口轉折後人口紅利逐漸消失，面對人口結構的失衡，高齡化社會的提早到來，造成國家經濟與社會的衝擊，勞動力產生莫大影響。如何穩定人口結構，排除生育障礙，提昇勞參力，是值得研究與探討。
本研究歸納出五點研究發現，第一，臺灣的人口由高成長率逆轉為低成長率，且有逐年加大下滑的趨勢。第二，臺灣的人口結構己由男多於女的長期穩定，走向女多於男性比例逆轉的傾向。第三，臺灣的人口問題研究已由早期的力主節育走向高生育率的研究結論。第四，臺灣的人口政策，政府的思維尚不夠積極。第五，臺灣的人力資源管理尚欠缺積極應用人口資訊的科學分析。
Policy is the main channel and means of government management. It is also the concrete measures that a nation will formulate in order to fulfill its political purpose, and population policy management is one of the basic systems of national public administration. The measures involve registration, change and management of the population’s birth, death, mobility and migration, health and so on.
Population policy is part of public policy. The institution and execution of public policy plays an important role in the whole of public administration and is the major strategy by which the government fulfills the goal of public affairs management. Population policy is no exception. Population policy generally refers to the sum of binding and compulsive laws, regulations, rules and measures laid out by the government in order to adjust the size, structure, distribution and changing process of the population. For example, a government will use financial reward as a policy tool to increase the fertility rate so as to achieve the goal of population growth.
Population policy is part of social policy. Every country has its own understanding and value judgment regarding population policy, but also formulates and executes its own population policy to facilitate social stability and sustainable development. In the process of enacting population policy, the basic principle of sustainable development will be followed, i.e. “the development pattern that can not only satisfy our modern-day requirements, but also spare posterity the obstruction of finding a development mode that can meet their requirements and construct a “triple-survivable” approach to population policy, including constructing economic production, social life and the environment. The alleged “triplet” means taking care of (1) personal and public interests; (2) management efficiency and social justice; (3) economic and social benefits.
The population status quo in Taiwan includes the baby bust, aging, and new –immigrants, which amount to a special phenomenon in domestic population management. The structure of Taiwan’s population has transformed swiftly from a high birth rate and mortality rate during the baby boom to a low birth rate and mortality rate with the aging phenomenon that has caused the fertility rate decrease, dependency ratio and increase in foreign wives. As for the countermeasures taken by other countries, it is nothing but using subsidies to encourage fertility, beefing up caring for the elderly and the issue of pensions, as well as encouraging foreign spouses to integrate into Taiwan society and rear “new Taiwan sons”. After the transformation, Taiwan has gradually lost the demographic dividend and is confronted with the early arrival of an unbalanced population structure and aging society which has led to not only an impact on the national economy and society, but also a huge influence on the labor force. How the problem of the population structure may be settled, how impaired fertility precluded and participation in the labor force promoted are topics worthy of research and exploration.
The conclusions of this study are following,
1. The growth rate of population in Taiwan, from ascending in the past to descending at present, trends to come downward progressively every year.
2. It had been a stable proportion for a long time in Taiwan that the number of men is more than that of women in the past. The structure of demography in Taiwan has changed that the number of women is more than that of men nowadays.
3. Those population studies in Taiwan concentrate in the policy of elevating the rate of fertility at present rather than degrading the rate of fertility in the past.
4. The government of Taiwan lacks of aggressive attitude about policy management for Taiwan population.
5. It lacks of applications of scientific analysis for demography science in human resource management of Taiwan. |
