二十世紀末全球暖化對人類及生態環境的衝擊受到世人注意和學界廣泛的探討,然而全球暖化如何影響劇烈天氣發生頻率,在大氣科學界仍是個未解決的議題;由於劇烈天氣現象需要大量水氣來源,而水氣所產生的溫室效應大約佔整體溫室效應的60-70%,了解全球暖化過程大氣中水氣含量變化,成為連結全球暖化尺度和劇烈天氣尺度之重要關鍵。本研究利用Yu and Neelin (1997)在對流準平衡動力學(convective quasi-equilibrium dynamics)架構下定義之『粗濕分層度』(gross moisture stratification, Mq)作為量度熱帶深對區活動範圍之度量尺(Metric),以探討伴隨全球暖化熱帶深對流區範圍變化。本研究分別使用了四種不同的大氣再分析資料及IPCC模式輸出未來氣候態大氣資料來計算Mq,估計熱帶深對流區變化趨勢,並利用水氣收支(moisture budget)探討其物理機制。
所有資料顯示熱帶對流區於過去數十年間有顯著變化,根據ERA40大氣再分析資料所計算之Mq顯示過去50年期間,全球熱帶深對流邊界有顯著擴張情形發生,每十年南北邊界擴張幅度平均約1.531°/decade,其中又以印度洋-太平洋暖池區之熱帶深對流邊界擴張情形相較於其它區域顯著,過去50年間總擴張幅度約為6.38°~9.53°。利用IPCC AR4模式推估未來百年氣候資料之熱帶深對流邊界分析中,全球熱帶深對流邊界皆有擴張情形發生,每十年南北邊界擴張幅度平均約為0.389°/decade。進一步探討熱帶深對流區邊界擴張之原因發現,在暖化環境下,熱力機制(Mq增加)是造成熱帶對流區擴張主要原因,動力機制(輻合減弱)則扮演部分抵制熱力機制角色。
The Earth’s tropical region is coveredby a year-round warm and moist air thathas long been recognized as the drivingengine of atmospheric general circulationand the action centers of climate variabilityof various time scales, such as the Madden-Julian Oscillation(MJO), El Nino/SouthernOscillation (ENSO) and Pacific DecadalOscillation (PDO). Understanding how thetropical atmosphere changes in response tothe anthropogenic global warming is a veryimportant scientific issue that requires adetailed investigation of many aspects.
While different data show various ranges of expansion, they all suggest that the tropical convective zone indeed experienced a clear poleward movement during the past decades. Based on ERA40, the tropical convective zone experiences a notable poleward expansion trend, with an average rate of approximately 1.51°/decade globally during the period from 1958 to 2001 .The increase of Mq over the tropics results mainly from the thermodynamic effect while the dynamic effect acts to partially offset the former.