| 摘要: | 轉型是一個不斷持續的過程，主要係透過可預見的未來威脅，以及因應未來可能威脅而創造出來的最先進技術，加以透過持續不斷進步的技術、持續不斷精簡或新生的組織架構、創新的工作流程與作戰方式、建立可快速反應與適應戰場環境的精良作戰部隊，及可快速編成的任務編組能力，使此一特質成為能適應不斷變化的突發狀況環境、塑造軍事競合能力，以成為可保衛國家的優勢，以及保護自身不對稱的弱勢。
解放軍轉型即為一個不斷持續的過程，從2003年起透過領導人講話指導、公布重要文件導引、武器裝備更新、訓練模式及演習課目改變、參與國際重要演訓活動等，在整體軍力及人員規模不裁減之基礎下，解放軍順利的由各方面的軍事鬥爭準備，漸次向執行軍事鬥爭準備與從事非戰爭軍事行動轉型。
2005年，時任中央軍委主席的胡錦濤提出「三個提供、一個發揮」，當時解放軍四總部、全軍各大單位，以及武警部隊均召開理論學習會議，主要是站在中共黨、國家及軍隊建設的戰略高度，將解放軍歷史使命科學概括為「三個提供、一個發揮」，此即為－軍隊要為黨鞏固執政地位提供重要的力量保證，為維護國家發展的重要戰略機遇期提供堅強的安全保障，為維護國家利益提供有力的戰略支撐，為維護世界和平與促進共同發展發揮重要作用。而2005年底胡錦濤首次提出解放軍必須從事「多樣化軍事任務能力」，此開啟解放軍正規作戰部隊正式以成建制的方式投入包括國際維和、排雷、抗洪搶險、海上救難、維護主權、反恐等多樣化軍事任務能力。
中國大陸為了回應國際對其軍事透明化的要求，從1995年起公布《中國的軍備控制與裁軍》後，自1998年起每2年公布一次「國防白皮書」，從《1998年中國的國防》以迄《2010年中國的國防》；而1995年公布《軍備控制與裁軍》後，計有2003年《中國的防擴散政策和措施》、2005年《中國的軍控、裁軍與防擴散努力》、2013年《國防白皮書：中國武裝力量的多樣化運用》等共11次。對此，中國大陸不但回應主要大國對其軍事透明化的要求，亦展現其即將成為區域強權及負責任大國的態勢。
從公布的演習課目及統計發現，解放軍的演習自2004年起全面以實彈戰術演習作為部隊訓練的主要模式，並擺脫以往演示性的演習。由於實彈戰術演習具高度危險性，在某種程度上對周邊國家及主要大國都是一種展示武器裝備現代化，及部隊精實訓練的一種方式。演訓課目是隨著武器裝備改變而增加或改變，中國大陸從早期小米加步槍的「三打三防」，於90年代末期演進至新「三打三防」；迄2009年年度軍事訓練指示，「要求全軍和武警部隊，……提高我軍應對多種安全威脅、完成多樣化軍事任務能力。」
2008年後臺海兩岸關係步入新時代，中國大陸不再以領導人講話恫嚇臺灣，亦不再透過官媒積極宣傳對臺軍事鬥爭準備任務，反介入作戰準備也低調在各項演習中持續進行；各軍兵種的一般戰訓演習從2004年的超過五成，逐漸由聯外演習、非戰爭軍事行動演習取代，甚至超過了六成；解放軍與地方政府合作從事反恐任務，專業部隊與國際合作派赴海外執行維和、排雷、醫療、聯合搜救等專業任務。在負責任大國形象下，解放軍意欲擺脫六四天安門事件的汙名，並成為文明之師，解放軍的任務轉型、形象轉型，經過多年後已逐漸成形。
Transformation is a continuous process, mainly through the foreseeable future threats, as well as in response to possible future threats, to create the most advanced technology. In addition, transformation needs continuous and progressive technology, streamlined or nascent organization, innovative work processes and modes of operation to help to establish sophisticated battlefield combat troops with rapid response and adaptation to the battlefield environment. Moreover, to have the ability to quickly organize a task force and the special capability of adapting to unexpected situation environments and to shape a capability for military competition and cooperation; thereby becoming a national defense advantage, as well as protecting asymmetric vulnerability.
The PLA's transformation is a continuous process. Since 2003, this has been shaped through the speech guidance of leaders, publication of important documents, updates of weaponry and equipments, changes of training mode and exercise subjects, participation in important international exercises and through training events. Under a foundation of not cutting overall military power and staff, the PLA has transformed smoothly in terms of military struggle preparations, and gradually transformed to conducting military struggle preparation and engaging in non-war military operations.
In 2005, Hu Jintao, then Chairman of the Central Military Commission addressed "three providings and a developing". The four headquarters of the PLA, major military units, and the Armed Police Force convened for theoretical study, mainly standing on the strategic level of the Communist party, state and army construction. The science of the PLA’s historical mission was summarized as "three providings and a developing". It also meant that the military should provide guarantees for consolidating the party’s ruling position, provide a strong security guarantee for maintaining a strategic opportunities period of national development, provide strong strategic support for safeguarding national interests, and develop an important role for maintaining world peace and promoting common development. At the end of 2005, Hu Jintao proposed that the PLA must engage in "diverse military tasks capability", which meant the PLA’s regular combat troops started to join the following tasks: international peacekeeping, demining, flood rescue, sea rescue, maintaining sovereignty, and anti-terrorism etc. and diverse military missions.
In order to respond to international demands on its military transparency, the Chinese mainland in 1995 published "China's Arms Control and Disarmament". Since 1998, it has published "Defense White Paper" once every two years; from the publication of “China's National Defense" in 1998 to "China's National Defense” in 2010. After the publication of "Arms Control and Disarmament" in 1995, another 11 publications were published, including "China's Non-Proliferation Policy and Measures" in 2003, "China's Endeavors for Arms Control, Disarmament and Non-Proliferation" in 2005 and "Defense White Paper: The Diversified Employment of China's Armed Forces" in 2013. In this regard, Mainland China is not only responding to demands on its military transparency by the major powers, but also showing a stance that it will soon become a regional and responsible power.
According to the publication of exercise subjects and statistics, it showed that since 2004 the PLA made comprehensive tactical maneuvers with live ammunition exercises as their main mode of military training, and disposed of the previous exercises as demonstrations. Due to tactical exercises with live ammunition being high risk, it is a way to show, to some extent, its modernization of weapons and equipment and meticulous training of troops to the neighboring countries and major powers. Exercise subjects have been increasing or changing with the weaponry changes. Mainland China began its “Three Hits and Three Antis” strategy by using the traditional “millet plus rifles” in early stages, evolving to the "New Three Hits and Three Antis" in the late 1990s. In 2009, the annual military training instructions were “demanding all the armed forces and armed police forces,......to improve our armed forces’ in response to multiple security threats and to accomplish diverse military mission capability."
Cross-strait relations entered a new era after 2008. Mainland China is no longer to use leaders’ speeches to intimidate Taiwan, and is not to actively propagandize its military struggle against Taiwan through official media. Preparation of anti-access war is conducted continuously yet low-key in various exercises. The percentage of general combat training exercises conducted by different branches of the army were over half in 2004, thereafter more than sixty percent concentrated on exercises with foreign forces or military operations other than war. The PLA began cooperation with local governments to engage in anti-terrorism mission. The task forces were dispatched overseas and cooperated with foreign forces to perform peacekeeping, demining, medical, joint search and rescue, and other professional tasks. In the image of a responsible power, the PLA intends to get rid of the stigma of the Tiananmen Incident and become a civilized army. After many years of effort, the PLA's mission and image transformation has gradually taken shape. |
