| 摘要: | 綜觀人的一生，從幼到老都有獨處的需求(Buchholz,1997)，Larson,Csikszentmihalyi與 Graef(1982)表示成年人一天約花29%的時間與自己相處，甚至渴望擁有更多，可見獨處需求對成年人之必要性。再者，近年來身心健康議題漸受關注，Lamers,Westerhof, Kovács和Bohlmeijer (2012)認為成年人之人格特質與其心理健康有所關聯，並在獨處中容易產生不同的情緒狀態(Long, Seburn, Averill & More, 2003)，故本研究旨在探討大臺北地區（包含臺北市、新北市與基隆市）單身者不同背景變項在人格特質、獨處能力與身心健康之差異情形，並進一步探究個人背景變項、人格特質與獨處能力對身心健康之影響。
本研究採問卷調查法，以大臺北地區25至59歲之成年單身者為研究對象，包含：從未結婚、離婚與喪偶者，以便利取樣法得有效樣本470份。研究工具包含：個人背景資料表、人格特質量表、獨處能力量表與身心健康量表。所得資料以描述性統計、單一樣本t檢定、獨立樣本t檢定、皮爾森積差相關與強迫進入法多元迴歸進行分析。研究結果如下：
一、大臺北地區單身者之「獨處能力」與「身心健康」皆為中上程度。
二、單身者之「性別」在「人格特質」上有顯著差異，男性在「外向性」、「開放性」、「和善性」、「嚴謹自律性」人格中程度高於女性，女性則在「神經質」人格中程度高於男性。
三、單身者之「婚姻經驗」在「人格特質」上有顯著差異，從未結婚
者在「嚴謹自律性」人格中程度高於離婚與喪偶者。
四、人格特質中之「外向性」構面在「獨處能力」上達顯著負相關，
「外向性」越高者其「獨處能力」越差。
五、人格特質中之「神經質」構面在「身心健康」上達顯著負相關，「神經質」越高者其「身心健康」越差。
六、「女性」、「神經質人格」、「外向性人格」與「嚴謹自律性人格」此四個因素對單身者之「身心健康」達44%之解釋力，顯示女性身心健康表現優於男性，且低神經質人格、高外向性人格與高嚴謹自律性人格者之身心健康狀況較佳。
根據本研究之結果，建議神經質人格之單身者宜多重視自身身心健康狀況，且家庭教育與相關成長團體亦可將人格特質因素列為參考與輔導重點，並設計相關課程以增進單身者之身心健康。
Solitude is a basic developmental need throughout the life span (Buchholz, 1997). Adults spend approximately 29% of waking time alone (Larson, Scikzentmihalyi, & Graef, 1982). Aloneness is seen as an essential need for adults. In addition, physical and mental health issue has become prevailing in recent years. According to Lamers, Westerhof, Kovács and Bohlmeijer (2012), personality traits of adults are associated with mental health; furthermore, Long, Seburn, Averill & More (2003) differentiate emotional states from being alone during adulthood. Therefore, this study aims to investigate differentiations among single adults’ personality traits, capacity to be alone, and physical and mental health on demographic backgrounds in Taipei area (including Taipei City, New Taipei City, and Keelung City); furthermore, to examine associations of individual demographic backgrounds, personality traits, and capacity to be alone toward physical and mental health.
This study applied convenient sampling method to survey single adults (e.g., never -married, divorced, and widowed) age 25 to 59 in Taipei area. A total of 470 single adults were surveyed. Instruments include Individual Demographic Backgrounds, Personality Traits Scale, Aloneness Scale, and Physical and Mental Health Scale. Descriptive statistics, one-sample t-tests, independent t-tests, Pearsons’ product-moment Correlation analysis, and Multiple Regression were employed in this study.
Research results are as follows:
1. Scores on “Ability to be alone” and “physical and mental health” of single adults in Taipei area are above average.
2. There is statistically significant difference between male and female on personality traits. Male singles have greater scores on “Extraversion”, “Openness”, and “Conscientiousness” comparing to female, though female have greater scores on “Neuroticism” trait.
3. There are statistically significant differences in marriage experience on personality traits. Never- married singles have greater scores on “Conscientiousness” than divorced and widowed.
4. “Extraversion” is negatively correlated with “Capacity to be alone”. While those who have higher scores on “Extraversion”, it leads to lower capacity to be alone.
5. “Neuroticism” is negatively correlated with “physical and mental health”. While those who have higher scores on “Neuroticism”, it leads to worse physical and mental health.
6. “Female”, “Neuroticism”, “Extraversion”, and “Conscientiousness” combined explain 44% of the variance of physical and mental health. The result indicates that female singles with low “Neuroticism”, high “Extraversion”, and high “Conscientiousness” have better physical and mental health than male.
Based on findings, suggestions to singles with high neuroticism pay more attention to physical and mental healthy condition. In addition, family education and related developmental organizations can consider personality traits as a factor for counseling and guidance, and to develop and hold related lectures for promoting singles’ physical and mental health. |
