| 摘要: | 在「為何要環保？」的議題上，見諸以往的研究，可以發現人類中心主義與非人類中心主義的爭論，其結果在非人類中心主義佔優勢的情況下，從而認為自然有其內在價值，因此人類有付與道德關心於自然之必要。但這個結果並不令人滿意，一是忽略了環保問題起因於人類生存受到威脅的實況，二是忽略了環保工作仍是以人類為主導。
本文由此出發，透過歷史詮釋以及文獻分析兩種方法，回歸問題的原點，認為環保乃在於人類需要延續，進行中的「永續發展」概念雖然指出了這個觀點，但在「發展」和「保護」的雙贏策略下，使其效力大打折扣。而以往以非人類中心主義立場證成人類須對環境付與道德關心之所以未能成功，一是在於他們無法確立一個明確的「人類中心主義」概念，以致使得他們對於人類中心主義的批評，被削減了力量；二是在於他們訴諸道德原則，認為自然有內在價值足以引生人類付與道德關心之必要，忽略了在道德原則的使用上，仍是以人類為中心的價值觀展現，並且在人類應對環境付與道德關心的原則上，仍未跨越實然與應然的界限，以致使得他們的企圖，呈現理論上的瑕疵。
本文嘗試採取德行論的進路，透過李奧波的「大地倫理」之啟發，將達爾文的道德發展觀點和德行論橋接，以發展「環境德行倫理」觀點。在這個觀點下，人類將基於「友愛」，而去維持人類整體之延續，並擴展其對於自我的生活環境之關心，而去維護環境整體。並且基於這兩個目的形成一種低限的「正義」觀點，認為人與其生活的世界所有個體所形成共同體，必須能夠維持該共同體內所有人類個體生命之所需，以及各種發展不超乎該共同體生活所在環境之負載。因此這個觀點，以培養友愛使人類整體延續成為維護環境之必要條件，以培養正義使低限的要求成為維護環境之充分條件。
In past research regarding the issue, “Why people should protect environment?”, there has been a debate between anthropcentrism and nonanthropocentrism. Because the situation has favored nonthropocentrism, the general conclusion is that human must pay moral attention to nature. However, this conclusion is unsatisfying because (1) it neglected that the issue of environmental protection was raised due to the threat of human survival, and (2) it neglected that the work of environment protection is through human being.
Going back to the original issue, this thesis uses historical interpretation and document analysis to claim that the reason that we want to protect environment is that we want to sustain human race, although the view of “sustainable development” points out this concept, but it still fails to support both the ideas of “human development” and “environmental protection”. There are two reasons that nonanthropocentrism scholars failed to justify that human obligates to pay moral attention to protect environment in the pass studies. First, they cannot give a clear definition of “anthropocentrism”, so their criticism has less power. Second, they applied moral principles to claim that nature has intrinsic value sufficient enough to attract human to pay moral attention. This is a misuse of the moral principle because they neglected that human is the center of the application of moral principle, and their theory did not address the difference between “is” and “ought to”, so there were some defects in their theory.
This thesis tries to use the approach of virtue ethics. Through the illumination from “land ethics”, it bridges Darwin’s moral develop view and virtue ethics, and develops an “environmental virtue ethics” view. In this point of view, human will apply “philia” virtue to sustain whole survival of human being, and extend this concern to the environment around him. These two purposes form a minimal “justice” view to make believe that all the individuals of human being form a community to support all human members alive, and all kinds of development will not overload for the living environment. Thus in this view, to develop “philia” virtue to keep sustainability of whole human being is a necessary condition for environment protection, and to develop “justice” virtue to satisfy the least criterion is a sufficient condition for environment protection. |
