| 摘要: | 單身者的人格特質與寂寞是否有關？何種人格特質會產生寂寞感？基於此，本研究旨在探討單身者的個人背景對寂寞感的差異性，人格特質與寂寞感之相關性，以及個人背景、人格特質對寂寞感之影響。本研究採問卷調查法，以臺灣地區30至64歲的單身者為研究對象，採立意取樣和滾雪球方式取得有效樣本802份。研究工具涵蓋三個部分，「個人基本資料」、「NEO-FFI個性自陳量表」及「UCLA寂寞感量表第三版」，藉以瞭解單身者的個人背景、人格特質與寂寞感是否有相關影響。本研究以統計套裝軟體SPSS 18.0做資料分析，包括描述統計（次數分配、百分比、平均數、標準差）、單一樣本 t 檢定、獨立樣本t 檢定、單因子變異數分析、薛費與LSD事後比較、皮爾森積差相關、強迫進入法多元迴歸分析。研究結果如下：
一、 單身者之寂寞感總平均值為2.1分，顯著低於理論中點2.5分，表示單身者很少感到寂寞。單身者的人格特質很少傾向神經質；單身者於各分構面之平均值：神經質顯著低於理論中點，表示單身者的人格特質很少傾向神經質；嚴謹紀律性得分最高，其次為外向性、友善性及經驗開放性。
二、 年齡、社經地位、職業等級、每月收入、居住狀況與宗教信仰，在單身者的寂寞感上有顯著差異，研究結果顯示，成年人（30至49歲）在寂寞感上比中年者（50至64歲）更強烈；「社經地位」、「職業等級」與「每月收入」較低者之寂寞感較高，與家人同住者的寂寞感較低 ，無宗教信仰者的寂寞較高。
三、 迴歸分析發現，低社經地位的單身者比高社經地位者寂寞感較強烈；每月收入26,300元以下比每月收入65,501元以上者之寂寞感較高。人格特質傾向「神經質」寂寞感愈高；人格特質傾向「外向性」與「友善性」，寂寞感則較低。上述五個變項共可解釋單身者之「寂寞感」56%的變異量。雖然年齡、居住狀況與宗教信仰在差異分析對寂寞感有顯著差異，但經由迴歸考驗後，發現人格特質才是影響寂寞感最重要的關鍵因素。
四、 根據本研究之發現，分別對單身者、家庭教育與諮商輔導相關單位及未來後續研究提出具體建議，提供各界參考之依據。
1. 單身者需有穩定收入，宜善用社會資源提升社經地位，例如：學習第二專長，謹慎理財、妥善安排生涯規劃。
2. 單身者人格特質傾向高「神經質」者，宜學習放鬆、社會人際交往技巧，可參加團體或宗教活動，使心靈有寄託並建立自信。低「外向性」與「友善性」者，待人處事宜廣結善緣、多讚美、少批評、維繫良好家人關係，可避免導致寂寞感。
3. 建議家庭教育與相關諮商輔導單位，能將如何克服「寂寞」與「人 格特質」之概念納入課程或輔導重點，讓單身者如何過好單飛的生活，藉以增進其心理福祉。
4. 建議後續研究可配合個案研究、深度訪談、焦點團體等質性法進行研究，或考慮進行城鄉差異比較，藉以瞭解單身者人格特質之全貌。
Are single person’s personality traits and loneliness related? What kind of personality traits will generate loneliness? Based on this, the study aimed to explore the differences of single persons’ personal background on loneliness, the correlation between personality traits and loneliness as well as the impact of personal background and personality traits on loneliness. This study used questionnaires on single people which aged between 30 to 64 in Taiwan and obtained 802 valid samples by purposive and snowball sampling. Research tools cover three sections, namely, “personal basic information”, “NEO-FFI personality self-report scale” and “Third Edition of UCLA Loneliness Scale”, in order to understand whether single persons’ personal background, personality traits and loneliness are related and affect mutually. This study conducted data analysis by SPSS 18.0 (statistical packages software), including such multiple regression analysis as descriptive statistics, one sample t-test, Independent-Samples t-test, one-way ANOVA, Scheffe’s and LSD method, Pearson product-moment correlation and forced entry. The results were as follows:
I. The total average of single persons’ loneliness was 2.1 points and was significantly lower than the theoretical midpoint, which means that single persons rarely feel lonely. Single persons’ personality traits are rarely liable to neuroticism; their conscientiousness is the highest, followed by extraversion, agreeableness and openness.
II. Age, socioeconomic status, professional degree, monthly income, living arrangement and religious beliefs were significantly different in single persons’ loneliness. The study showed that adults perceived more intense loneliness than middle-aged people; those with lower “socioeconomic status”, “professional degree” and “monthly income” perceived higher loneliness; those living with their families perceived lower loneliness; those with no religion perceived higher loneliness.
III. It’s found by regression analysis that single persons with low socioeconomic status perceived more intense loneliness than that with high socioeconomic status; those with monthly income of less than $ 26,300 perceived higher loneliness than those with monthly income of more than $ 65,501. Those whose personality traits are liable to “neuroticism” perceived higher loneliness; those liable to “extraversion” and “agreeableness” perceived lower loneliness. These five variables could explain 56% of the variables of single persons’ “loneliness”. Though age, living arrangement and religious beliefs were significantly different in the difference analysis of loneliness, it’s found that personality traits were the most important key factor influencing loneliness.
IV. According to the findings of this study, specific recommendations were proposed to single persons, family education and counseling related units and future follow-up study as the reference for all circles.
1. Single persons need to have steady income and make good use of community resources to enhance socioeconomic status, such as a second expertise, prudent finance and proper career planning.
2. Single persons whose personality traits are liable to high neuroticism should learn to relax and interpersonal social skills, such as participation in community or religious activities so as to have spiritual sustenance and build confidence. Those with low “extraversion” and “friendliness” should try to make more friends, praise more and criticize less and maintain good family relations to avoid causing loneliness.
3. It’s recommended that family education and counseling related units should incorporate the concepts of “how to overcome loneliness” and “personality traits” into the curriculum or counseling focus so as to make single persons lead a better single life and enhance their psychological well-being.
4. It’s suggested that follow-up studies should be conducted by case study, in-depth interviews, focus groups and other qualitative methods or consider making comparison between urban and rural areas in order to understand the overall situation of single persons’ personality traits. |
