| 摘要: | 禁止性別歧視是明文列入歐體/歐盟基礎條約之重要法律原則，已生效之歐盟基本權利 憲章第21條第 1項與第23條第 1項也明定禁止性別歧視。歐體2004/113/EG平等待遇指令， 禁止依據性別於商品與服務事務之取得與利用為差別待遇，保險契約亦為此指令之適用範 圍。該指令第 5條第 2項規定，原允許會員國在能提出最新的保險精算數據為依據的情況下， 例外允許男女差別保險費率得繼續存在。2011 年 3 月歐洲法院於 Test-Achats ASBL 案，判 定保險公司對男女區別保險費率定價屬於性別歧視，宣告該允許男女差別堡費率之例外限制 男女平等原則適用之例外條款因牴觸歐洲法而失效，致歐盟會員國各保險公司在 2012 年 12 月 21 日後，不得就同一保險產品向男女徵收不同的保險費。本研究計畫探討兩大議題：「保 險業領域以性別為區別標準為統計性歧視（Statistische Diskriminierung）之容許性」以 及「禁止歧視原則適用於私法關係之界限」。前者分析究竟歐洲法院要求各保險公司必須統 一男女保險費率（Unisex-Tarif）的裁判見解，是否與平等原則「等則等之、不等者不等之」 之意旨相符。以性別為保險費率釐訂的標準之一，是基於統計數據上看來多數男性與女性間 之差異而為之性別差別待遇，學理上稱為「統計性歧視」（Statistische Diskriminierung）。 歐盟法原則上嚴格禁止性別差別待遇，但禁止私人保險採取男女差別保險費率，限制了私人 保險公司受歐盟基本權利憲章第 16 及 17 條保障之企業自由與財產權，基本權適用於私法關 係這點則指向寬鬆的審查標準，容有以性別為差別待遇基準之空間。本文嘗試界定禁止性別 歧視原則在私法領域中如何適用才不致於過度限制契約自由。
Equality between men and women is a fundamental principle of the European Union. Articles 21 and 23 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union prohibit any discrimination on grounds of sex and require equality between men and women to be ensured in all areas. The Council Directive 2004/113/EC, described as a directive implementing the principle of equal treatment between men and women in the access to and supply of goods and services. Article 5 (1) of this Directive ensures that in insurance contracts sex shall not be used as a factor resulting in differences in individuals' premiums and benefits. According to Article 5(2) of the Directive Member States may however decide to permit exemptions from the rule of unisex premiums and benefits, as long as they can ensure that underlying actuarial and statistical data on which the calculations are based, are reliable, regularly up-dated and available to the public. European Court of Justice rules in the Case of Test-Achats ASBL that Article 5(2) of Directive 2004/113/EC works against the achievement of the objective of equal treatment between men and women and must therefore be considered to be invalid with effect from 21 December 2012. Following this decision are only so-called “unisex tariffs” permissible. Sex-differentiated tariffs use the characteristic sex as an indicator of the risk group of an individual, which is called statistical discrimination on the grounds of sex. This research project analyses whether sex-differentiated tariffs are incompatible with the principle of sex equality. Moreover, the requirement of unisex-tariff shows tension between the principle of sex equality and freedom of contract. This article takes up a discussion concerning how EU Law should regard sex discrimination between private parties and tries to find out to what extent exceptions to the principle of sex equality are allowed so as to remain reconcilable with the principle of freedom of contract. |
