| 摘要: | 西元1769年，作為清朝官方文字的滿文隨盛京錫伯軍西遷新疆，延用至今。1947年，錫伯族推動「文字改革」。1953年，在中共民族政策下，錫伯族獲得官方承認。1954年，察布查爾錫伯自治縣成立。
綜論之，錫伯族傳承滿文的進程中，有以下幾個特色：
一、 1632年「新滿文」(「有圈點滿文」) 出現，至文字改革後，更名為「錫伯文」，走過三個世紀，滿文由發展、成長、茁壯，再到廢用、重生、瀕危，見證了文字自無至有、由盛而衰的一頁演變史。
二、 將大量漢文典籍翻譯成錫伯文 (滿文) 。
三、 設立錫伯語小學，出版錫伯文母語教材。
四、 發行全中國唯一的《察布查爾報》。
五、 錫伯族於八○至九○年代持續推動錫伯文 (滿文) 的流通使用，文教出版事業達於巔峰，亦豐富了阿爾泰語系滿－通古斯語族跨語種研究的內涵。由於錫伯族保存滿文之功，各國學者對滿文與清史研究的質量增加，近年「滿學」已成一門顯學。最近幾年，在「新清史」派的努力下，滿文檔案史料更受重視。
另一方面，錫伯族在滿文傳承的時代任務上，亦出現若干挑戰：
一、「文字改革」偏政治性，實質意義不大，第六母音ū的删除失當。
二、執錫伯文圖書出版牛耳的新疆人民出版社、新疆教育出版社因人力不足，影響錫伯文發展至鉅。
三、錫伯文規範化工作不全面。
四、錫伯文走上瀕危。
筆者二○一一年暑期赴新疆伊犁、烏魯木齊兩地考察，將訪談情形記錄下來，其中涉及錫伯文化學術問題有部分置於本論文內，並作為後續研究之參考。
A horde of ethnic Sibe soldiers, who were made to relocate in Xinjiang in 1769 from their hometown of Shenyang in northeast China in order to strengthen border defenses against Russia, under the decree of Emperor Qianlong, have succeeded in giving Manchu a new home, and, a new life. In Cabcal Sibe Autonomous County in Ili, a certain number of Sibe residents remain fluent users of Manchu, which was changed to the name of Sibe in 1947 after slight modifications of the Manchu alphabet. Today, the Manchu script is ubiquitous throughout the county, decorating street plates, shops and government offices. It also appears in official paper letterheads as a sign of language equality.
In Cabcal, there are nine primary schools teaching Sibe to Sibe students and their peers of Han,Uighur or Kazakh ancestry. The Xinjiang People’s Publishing Co. and the Xinjiang Education Publishing Co., for example, continue to produce Sibe books and periodicals. The Cabcal Newspaper, basically a Manchu-language newspaper printed twice a week, has had subscriptions mainly from individuals and academic institutions at home and abroad.
On the other hand, the county government has over the past several years opened learn-Sibe classes for the illiterate Sibe across Cabcal, who are growing steadily in shocking numbers. This has caused local scholars to be pessimistic about the future of their mother language, saying the writing system may be utterly incomprehensible among the Sibe population in ten years or so.
This, together with the other observations of the writer, such as the characteristics of Sibe language textbooks at the elementary level, language standardization, the terms of directions, the new Sibe vocabulary, an analysis of the Cabcal Newspaper, the Manchu alphabetical changes in 1947, ancestral worshipping by the Manchus and the Sibes, will all be dealt with in the following pages, in hopes that the academic communities worldwide will pay more attention to Sibe, now an endangered language. |
