| 摘要: | 本研究調查貧血與非貧血高職生的預防貧血營養知識與飲食行為的影響因子，我們也調查不同個人背景高職生在預防貧血營養知識與飲食行為方面的差異性，也統計分析知識與行為之間的相關性。研究對象是從新北市某高職學校以立意取樣方式選出，根據新生體檢結果選出50位貧血與50位非貧血學生。採用自我填答問卷進行個人背景特質、預防貧血營養知識、預防貧血飲食行為之調查，蒐集的資料以1. 頻率分佈、2. 百分率分析、3. 信度分析、4. 效度分析、5. t檢定、6. 單因子變異數分析、7. 雪費事後檢定、8. 皮爾森相關性分析。
研究結果如下：
一、個人背景變項方面，貧血組以女生居多，而體重過重或過輕者罹患貧血比例較高，而零用錢低於150元以下之貧血比例較高，母親的教育程度是高中 (職) 及大學/專科以上學歷者之學生，其貧血比例較高。月經來潮天數大於7天者，貧血比例較高。
二、在學生的貧血自覺方面，約有三分之一的貧血學生不知道自己有貧血。
三、貧血組的「每日零用錢」「運動情形」及「家族成員是否有貧血」背景因素，可能影響其預防貧血飲食行為。
四、在貧血組學生中，18歲組營養知識顯著高於16歲組，顯示高職健康課程有助於提升貧血學生的預防貧血營養知識。有貧血自覺者的營養知識顯著優於無貧血自覺者，但在非貧血組則無顯著差異。
五、在預防貧血營養知識方面，貧血組平均分數為0.42 ± 0.48；非貧血組平均分數為0.45 ± 0.49，非貧血學生在預防貧血營養知識方面略優於貧血學生，但是兩者差異不顯著，研究結果顯示教育當局應加強高職學生的預防貧血營養知識。
六、在預防貧血飲食行為方面，貧血組平均分數為2.81 ± 0.97，非貧血組平均分數為2.93 ± 0.96，兩組學生之飲食行為平均分數無顯著差異。
七、預防貧血營養知識與飲食行為之間沒有顯著相關性。
八、貧血組學生的國文、英文、數學、美膚、美顏學科成績顯著低於非貧血組學生，但是體育科目成績則沒有顯著差異。
本研究建議應該將新生健康檢查結果通知學生及其家長，老師需確認貧血學生是否接受追蹤醫療，以改善其健康狀況，高中（職）教師應該在教材裡面加入貧血相關營養知識以便加強高中（職）學生的預防貧血營養認知。也建議校方要為高中（職）學生舉辦預防貧血餐飲實作訓練，讓學生可以自行準備飲食，以減少高中（職）學生的貧血罹患率。
This study had investigated affecting factors for anemia-prevention nutrition knowledge and dietary behavior for students with or without anemia of vocational high school. We also tested the differences of anemia-prevention nutrition knowledge and dietary behavior among subpopulations of these students with different individual background. The correlation between anemia-prevention nutrition knowledge and dietary behavior was also examined. The subjects were recruited by purposive sampling from a cosmetology department of vocational high school in New Taipei City. We selected 50 students with anemia (anemia group) and 50 normal students (non-anemia group) for this study according to the results of freshmen health inspection. A self-administered questionnaire which included individual background factors, anemia-prevention nutrition knowledge and dietary behavior was used to collect data. The collected data were analyzed, including: 1. frequency distribution, 2. percentage analysis, 3. Reliability analysis, 4. validity analyses, 5. t-test, 6. one-way ANOVA, 7. Scheffe’s post hoc test, and 8. Pearson’s correlation test.
The following is a list of findings of this study.
1. With regard to individual background variables, there were higher percentages of anemia students in ‘female’, ‘overweight or underweight’, ‘daily pocket money less than 150 New Taiwan dollars’, ‘mother’s academic level is (vocational) high school’, ‘mother’s academic level is university/college’ anemia subgroups. Furthermore, the proportion of anemia was high in the subgroup with longer than 7 days menstrual cramps duration.
2. There were about one third of anemia-group students with negative awareness of anemia.
3. There were significant differences in anemia-prevention dietary behavior of anemia group in relation to daily pocket money, exercise frequency, family history of anemia.
4. The score of nutrition knowledge of 18-year-old anemia subgroup was significantly higher than that of 16-year-old anemia subgroup. This finding indicates that vocational health education can improve anemia-prevention nutrition knowledge of students with anemia. Nutrition knowledge score of anemia students with positive anemia awareness was higher than that of anemia students with negative anemia awareness significantly. However, there was no significant difference between positive anemia and negative anemia awareness groups in non-anemia group.
5. The average scores of anemia-prevention nutrition knowledge for anemia group and non-anemia group were 0.42 ± 0.48 and 0.45 ± 0.49, respectively. There was no significant difference between anemia and non-anemia group. These results suggest that educational authority should strengthen anemia-prevention nutrition knowledge of vocational high school students.
6. The average scores of anemia-prevention dietary behavior for anemia group and non-anemia group were 2.81 ± 0.97 and 2.93 ± 0.96, respectively. There was no significant difference between anemia and non-anemia group.
7. There was no significant correlation between anemia-prevention nutrition knowledge and dietary behavior.
8. The average scores of common and professional courses, including English, Mandarin, mathematics, facial beauty, skin care courses for anemia group students were significantly lower than non-anemia group. However, there was no difference between anemia and non-anemia groups in average score of gym lessons,.
This study suggests that freshmen health inspection results should inform students and their parents. Teachers have to make sure that students with anemia receive follow-up medical care to improve health of students. Teachers of vocational high schools and high schools are advised to incorporate issues such as anemia related nutrition knowledge into their teaching materials so as to fortify students with good anemia-prevention nutrition knowledge. Vocational high schools and high schools are also recommended to conduct anemia-prevention diet workshop for students to prepare meal for themselves and to reduce the morbidity of anemia. |
