| 摘要: | 我國青少年在升學壓力下，較缺乏從生活中體驗及學習的機會；臺北市政府教育局於 1999 年頒訂「國中以上學校推廣公共服務教育實施要點」，學生每學期至少應參與服務學習八小時。本研究受試者將所學專業課程應用於社區進行服務學習，藉由學習場域的學習模式與過程，促進學生的社會與公民責任、服務技能，以及在真實情境生活的各項應用能力。而我國 65 歲以上之高齡人口已達 11.2%（行政院，2012），職業學校培育之人才將成為高齡服務之主力。於此背景下，本研究欲瞭解臺北市某高職美容科學生高齡服務學習及其職業自我效能之現況，並分析個人背景特徵對高齡服務學習及其職業自我效能之影響情形。
本研究於2012年9月針對50名曾參與高齡服務學習（如替高齡者按摩或剪髮）之高職美容科學生進行問卷調查，共計55題，涵蓋四個部分，1.「個人背景資料」，藉以了解受試者不同的背景特徵；2.「美髮按摩知能量表」，藉以了解受試者專業能力需求之程度；3.「高齡服務學習量表」，藉以了解受試者對於高齡服務學習之認同程度；及4.「職業自我效能量表」，藉以了解受試者是否有信心完成未來之專業工作。本研究採問卷調查法，問卷回收率94%，有效問卷共計47份。本研究以 SPSS 19.0 進行個人背景資料之描述性統計（次數分配、百分比、平均數、標準差）、獨立樣本 t 檢定及單因子變異數分析、雪費事後比較、以及皮爾森積差相關分析。考驗不同背景特徵對高齡服務學習及其職業自我效能是否具有顯著差異性，最後，再以多元迴歸方式檢驗各項背景特徵對「職業自我效能」是否存在顯著預測力。
由研究結果得知，本研究受試對象特徵為女性，年齡為 18 歲、家中排行老大、戶籍地位於中部地區、家庭型態為折衷家庭、且與祖父母同住者居多數。受試者普遍認同「高齡服務學習」之價值，且對於「職業自我效能」具有信心，「高齡服務學習」與「職業自我效能」呈現正相關。此外，「高齡服務學習」與「職業自我效能」皆和其過去曾受高齡者照顧具有顯著差異，受高齡者照顧時間越長（如達 3 年至 6 年），越能認同高齡服務學習之價值，對於自己未來的專業技術及服務高齡者的品質越具信心。最後，當受試者為「家中排行老大」及具備「美髮按摩知能」者，對於職業自我效能具有預測力。
根據上述，推論高職美容科學生的職業自我效能以在學期間具備美容美髮丙級證照者達成信念較高，且幼時曾受高齡者照顧的學生較具同理心。是故，學生之高齡服務學習與職業自我效能皆與校內之專業訓練和家庭中與高齡者之互動有關。研究者建議，學校應落實結合課程內容與服務學習，協助學生走出教室，將校內所學應用於社區中，且服務學習地點以學校為出發點之1公里內或步行15分鐘可達之機構為宜。研究者亦建議政府單位應協助發展代間教育諮詢平台及提供訓練課程，將對代間、家庭及社會具有重大的影響，產生正面效益。最後，將本研究結果提供給相關單位作為課程規劃，期望能瞭解高職美容科學生服務學習之現況，及實際面運用於各科系學生的專業課程安排上，使學校課程及服務學習安排更臻完善，及活動辦理及政策制定之參考依據。
The percentage of the population of senior citizens who are 65 and above has reached 11.2% in 2012 in Taiwan. Students from technical or vocational high schools will most likely become the main workforce to provide service to senior citizens. However, teenagers in Taiwan are less likely to have opportunities to experience and learn in everyday life when they face the pressures from various forms of high school or college entrance exams. Therefore, the study explored the current state of the service learning for senior citizens and the career self-efficacy among the cosmetology major students in one vocational high school in Taipei. The researcher analyzed the relationships of students’ personal background characteristics of service learning for senior citizens and their career self-efficacy.
The study conducted a questionnaire survey on 50 cosmetology major students at a Taipei vocational high school, who had attended the service learning for senior citizens (providing massage or haircut services, for example) in September, 2012. There were 55 items in the questionnaire, including 1) personal background information, 2) scale for haircut and massage knowledge and skills, 3) scale for the service learning for senior citizens, 5) scale for career self-efficacy. The response rate was 94% with 47 valid samples. The study adopted SPSS 19.0 to retrieve descriptive statistics of the personal background information (frequency distribution, percentage, mean, and standard deviation) and to conduct t test, one-way ANOVA, Scheffé post-hoc comparison and Pearson’s correlation.
The results of the study show that the characteristics of the subjects are most likely to be: 1) female, 2) 18 years old, 3) the eldest one in their family, 4) permanent residence in the central region, 5) stem family type, and 6) have lived with their grandparents. The subjects generally acknowledge the value of service learning for senior citizens and have confidence in career self-efficacy. The researcher found positive correlation between the service learning for senior citizens and the career self-efficacy. In addition, services learning for senior citizens and career self-efficacy show significant statistical difference from the situation that they were being cared by senior citizens, such as grandparents. Those that experienced care from senior citizens longer (i.e. 3-6 years), the more likely they acknowledge the values of service learning for senior citizens. They are more confident about their future professional skills and quality of the service for senior citizens. The researcher also found that if the students who are the eldest in the family and have the ability to perform haircut and massage well will be more likely to have positive career self-efficacy.
According to the statement above, it can be inferred that the career self-efficacy of the cosmetology major students in vocational high schools who have received National Skills Certification Class C in hairdressing and cosmetology can have higher degree of confidence. Those students who have received care from grandparents during childhood are more likely to be empathetic. Therefore, students’ service learning for senior citizens and career self-efficacy are correlated with both vocational trainings at schools and the interactions with the elder relatives at their families. The researcher suggests that schools utilize courses with service learning to assist students apply their knowledge and skills into practice, especially in the communities within 1km or 15-mininute-walk away from schools. Also, the researcher suggests that the government assists to offer the counseling platform for intergeneration education and provide training courses. Lastly, the results of the study may be added to the literature of service learning courses implementations for course designs and service learning options. |
