| 摘要: | 中國自秦漢以降形成官僚政治，在此體系下，宰相始終扮演輔佐君主、統領百官、承上啟下的樞紐地位，重要性不言可喻。宰相議題長期以來備受學界關注。宰相權力地位、宰相職稱、君權相權間之關係，均隨著時代發展而不時在改變。
宋代是中國歷史上的一個關鍵時期，更是重要的轉型階段，特別是歷經唐末五代的變亂，無論各方面都有極為顯著的變化。在體質上已自貴族政治改變為君主獨裁政體，連帶使宰相對政權更具影響力。宋代政局分為北宋、南宋兩朝，南宋是北宋滅亡後重生的政權，雖在血緣與政體上一脈相承，實際的政治發展上兩者之間有著極大差異。
兩宋宰相制度，名稱、職掌經過多次更迭，南宋以迄就有三次改變。由於特殊的政局背景，衍生出秦檜、韓侂冑、史彌遠、史嵩之、丁大全、賈似道六大權相，掌權時間超過南宋國祚之半，甚至稱南宋為「權相政治」亦不為過。
本文主要研究南宋之六十三位宰相，籍貫家世、出身背景、仕宦經歷、拜相、罷相原因探討與分析，宰相罷後的各別待遇，宰相本職、兼職與權力的關係，同時連帶探討皇帝在位的時的表現、性格以及和任相間的關係，宰相的實際作為、決策程序，六大權相形成的背景與過程、權力擴張的實際情況，權相集團之權力結構概況，權相與一般宰相的關係，集團如何消亡？對政權影響如何？以上都是文中的研究重點。
The ancient Chinese bureaucracy was formed in the Chin and Han dynasties. In this governing system, the prime minister, played a pivotal role that led all the officials and provided assistance to the emperor in administrative work. Topics about premiers have drawn much attention in academic circles. Throughout history, the title, power and status of this position fluctuated over time constantly, and so did the relationship between imperial power and prime ministerial power.
The Song Dynasty was a critical stage in Chinese history. This period saw many important transformations. Especially prominent were changes in politics after the chaotic Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period. There was a shift in the form of government, in which aristocracy was replaced by absolute monarchy. The power of the premier was thus enhanced and the position became more influential. The Song Dynasty was divided into two distinct periods: Northern Song and Southern Song. After the demise of Northern Song, the Song court was forced to move southwards and established Southern Song. Although the two periods shared the same biological and political genealogy, there existed significant differences in their political development.
The titles and duties of premiers in the Song dynasty changed frequently. There were as many as three changes during Southern Song alone. The special political background of the era gave rise to the emergence of six famous powerful prime ministers. They were: Qin Kuai, Han Tuozhou, Shi Miyuan, Shi Songzhi, Ding Daquan, and Jia Sidao. Together they remained in power for more than half the duration of Southern Song, making the dynasty the so-called “prime ministerial government.”
This dissertation studies the sixty-three prime ministers of the Southern Song dynasty, including their family backgrounds, origins, and official experiences. An analysis will be made on their appointment and dismissal from office, how they were treated after being dismissed, and what a full-time or an adjunct position had to do with a prime minister’s power. The dissertation also seeks to address issues such as the emperors’ performance, their personality and interactions with prime ministers, the decision-making procedures and actual deeds of the prime ministerial system, the rise of the six powerful prime ministers and how they expanded their power. This study will discuss power structures of these dominant prime-minister groups, how these powerful figures interacted with their general counterparts, and how they failed and what kind of impacts were brought about on politics. |
