| 摘要: | 「河北」地區自古以來就是重要的區域，既具有防守邊疆的戰略地位，又是物產豐饒、人口眾多、交通便利、經濟發達之處，因此在隋唐仍是重要的區域。
唐初，來自關隴的李唐政權對河北道始終懷有疑慮，甚至有所歧視。可是，唐高祖與唐太宗的用人並不僅限於關隴集團，從唐初河北道刺史與縣令的的人選來看，可以發現除重用關隴集團外，也啟用了不同地區及不同文化性質的人士為唐效命。
唐初主要外患為突厥，但對東北的經營仍不忽視。高宗時平定高麗，但自從吐蕃成為唐朝邊防的重心後，唐朝不得不在東北方面轉採消極的政策。武后時營州李盡忠與孫萬榮的叛亂，節度使體制從此形成。節度使原本設於邊境，著重在軍事機能，兼領採訪處置使後，權力因而大增。天寶十四載(755)，身兼范陽、平盧與河東三道節度使的安祿山叛變，叛亂後唐朝由勝而衰。
安史亂後唐朝形成藩鎮體制，而藩鎮、宦官與朋黨係造成唐朝滅亡的三大原因。肅宗起藩鎮林立內地，代宗廣建節度使外，採僕固懷恩之議，封田承嗣等安史降將為河北地區的節度使，埋下日後河北三鎮尾大不掉的根源。
肅宗起，唐朝皇帝對於河北三鎮都採「姑息政策」，惟憲宗以武力強硬對付藩鎮，獲致「元和中興」的成就。穆宗時，魏博、成德與幽州鎮復叛，直到唐末。
固然，河北三鎮長期割據，擁兵固城，官吏自署，遵守「河朔故事」，彼此勾結以對抗中央，猶如半獨立狀態，唐中央也無力制服。但究其實，其與唐廷的關係並不如陳寅恪所言截然切割、斷裂分明的，而是彼此間仍有著若即若離的關係。
Research on the Political Relationship between the Hebei Region and the Central Authority during the Tang Dynasty
Being an abundant, populous, convenient, and prosperous area, Hebei had been a leading region in defending the frontier since ancient times. Therefore, Hebei was still a principal district in Sui and Tang Dynasties.
In the early Tang, the political authority of Li Tang was cautious, or even biased about Hebei Dao. But Emperor Kao Tsu and Emperor Tai Tsung chose their ministers both from Kuan Lung aristocracy and beyond. In terms of the choice about Hebei Dao Prefects (tzu-shih) and county magistrates (hsien-ling), both emperors chose men of ability from diverse regions and cultures, not confined to Kuan Lung aristocracy.
In the early Tang, the central authority did not ignore the administration of Dongbei region, though with a foreign threat of Turks (Tu-chueh). Ever since Tibet (Tu-fan) became the focus of national defense in Tang period, the authority was forced to turn passive in the administration of Dongbei. The institution of military governorship (chieh-tu shih) was formed to suppress the rebellion of Li Chin-chung and Sun Wan-jung during the reign of Empress Wu. At first, the military governorship was established in the frontier for the purpose of military defense. Later when military governorship was additionally endowed with the duty of civil inspecting commissioner (tsai-fang chu-chin shih), the governors gained greater power. In the year of Tien Pao fourteen (755), the military governors of three Daos—Fan Yang, Ping-Lu, Hedao, An Lu-shan, rebelled against Tang. Since then, Tang dynasty declined drastically.
After AnShi rebellion, the system of provincial command (fan-chen) was established, and thus provincial commands, eunuchs, cliques altogether caused the downfall of the Tang dynasty. In the reign of Emperor Su-tsung, provincial commands were set up everywhere. Subsequently Emperor Dai-tsung appointed a great number of military governors. Adopted Pu-gu Huai-en’s opinion, Emperor Dai-tsung appointed Tiencheng Suu, the ex-rebel general from Anshi rebellion, as the military governor of Hebei region. Such appointments resulted in the failure to eradicate the provincial commands.
From Su-tsung onward, the Tang emperors adopted a policy of appeasing toward the three provincial commands in Hebei region. However, Emperor Hsien-tsung took tough measures to deal with provincial commands, and he succeeded with the achievement of “Yuan-Ho resurgence.” In the rule of Emperor Mu-tsung, the provinces of Wei-po, Cheng-de, Youzou rebelled once and again until the end of Tang.
It is assumed that the three provincial commands of Hebei region had long been separated and independent from the central government. They built up the army and fortified their bases, following their own rules. United with one another, the three provincial commands fought against the central government and maintained a semi-independent state that Tang authority was unable to suppress. As a matter of fact, the three provincial commands of Hebei kept with Tang court an ambiguous relationship, not as clear-cut as what Chen Yinke claimed. |
