北台灣地區鳥類群聚變遷與景觀變遷關係之研究

文化大學機構典藏 CCUR > 環境規劃暨生物資源學院 > 環境設計學院 > 景觀學系所 > 博碩士論文 > Item 987654321/24622

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题名:	北台灣地區鳥類群聚變遷與景觀變遷關係之研究 A Study on the Relationship between Avian Community Changes and Landscape Changes in Northern Taiwan
作者:	石佩玉
贡献者:	景觀學系
关键词:	景觀變遷 Landscape change 降趨對應分析 Detrended Correspondence Analysis 相似性係數 Jaccard's Similarity Index 鳥類群聚變遷 Avian community changes
日期:	2013
上传时间:	2013-03-21 15:15:47 (UTC+8)
摘要:	全球都市快速發展，對建地的需求不斷擴增，進而改變景觀格局，並增加對自然的干擾。野生鳥類容易觀察記錄與量化，許多研究也指出鳥類群落變化受都市化與人為活動而影響，因此鳥類為環境變遷常用的指標生物，在都市化的效應中亦成為經常探討的題材。本研究藉由景觀變遷對鳥類群聚所造成的影響，引申景觀變遷對環境與生態之影響。本研究以1986-2010年中華民國野鳥學會的鳥類調查資料，選取北台灣資料量較豐富之25個景觀組成型態相異之樣區，進行降趨對應分析找出鳥類群聚主要變異以及各樣區在鳥類群聚主要變異梯度軸上的分佈，以Jaccard相似性係數，計算並比較各樣區各時期之鳥類相似程度，最後再分析各樣區鳥種組成變遷狀況。地景變遷部分，則由於鳥類調查樣區之範圍並不明確，因此整理並分析各區1986 -2010年的航空照片圖、相關文獻資料與內政部1992-1995、2006-2008年二次國土利用調查資料，以質性方式了解其土地變遷狀況，藉以探討地景變遷與鳥類群落變化的關係。本研究藉由資料篩選與分析後，發現25處樣區整體變化趨勢由降趨對應分析與相似度分析結果顯示有三大類型的樣區:水邊溼地型、都市型與森林型，各樣區類型之內與樣區類型之間都有同質化現象。各類型樣區之間的同質化現象最為明顯。水邊溼地型樣區的第一類同質化樣區因都市發展使外來種與適應都市環境的陸鳥上升，另一方面因產業變化，使得魚塭轉變為水田用地，鷸鴴科物種數上升，此兩種因素使物種組成越趨相近。溼地型樣區的第二類樣區則因景觀變遷，使原本很不相同的河口棲地與旱田，同時變為淺水灘棲地，使鷸鴴科與偏好空曠地的陸鳥增加，棲地類型與物種同時變得較為相似。溼地型樣區的第三類樣區因溪流自然演替加上近年護岸與堤岸施工方式，使得多處濕地先因沙洲的增加而使鷸鴴科物種增加，後因沙洲減少使得鷸鴴科物種減少，因此鳥類作同步的變遷。都市型樣區則有兩種且亦有同質化的現象，其中都市中植物相較成熟之樣區，近10年樣區內有生態池的興建與部分植群的變更，或是建物的增加，使鷺科、雁鴨科與偏好空曠地且適應都市環境的陸鳥有增加的趨勢。另一類則為都市中較新成立的綠地，這些樣區內喬木與區外行道樹有成長的趨勢，植物相也逐漸成熟，整體鳥種數都有增加的趨勢，尤鷺科與偏好林地的陸鳥最為顯著。因此，都市綠地樣區的棲地類型與物種在近年來變得較為相似。而本研究亦發現北台灣地區不同樣區類型之間的部分樣區，也有同質化的現象。其中濕地樣區的華中與挖仔尾樣區因近年來區內外的環境工程施工致使沙洲消失，造成鷸鴴科與雁鴨科物種數嚴重下滑，外來種與偏好空曠地且適應都市環境的陸鳥快速增加，而新北市部分近郊森林型樣區因近年的建地與農作地開發與觀光發展，其外來種與偏好空曠地且適應都市環境的陸鳥亦是如此，造成樣區與都市綠地的物種組成逐漸有同質化的現象產生。需注意的是，都市化造成的建地擴張，使適應都市環境的陸鳥增加；而護岸的與堤岸施作，短期內會促使沙洲形成，有助於鷸鴴科的增加，但長期結果會促成護岸外沙洲流失，下游處則促成沙洲快速陸域化，使得鷸鴴科棲地迅速減少，鷸鴴科鳥類成為淡水河流域消失最迅速的鳥類。而部分森林的開發與觀光發展，其外來種與適應都市環境的陸鳥增加。此外，都市綠地也因各樣區的植群成熟與區內配置的變更，而使得樣區之間有同質化的現象。因此建議未來在濕地與其周邊環境的整體規劃與管理上，應謹慎評估管理與施工方式，而河濱泥灘溼地宜多保留，並減少工程對生物的影響力。此外，近年近郊森林樣區的開發與觀光發展，使樣區之間有同質化的現象，因此應多加注意森林發展的趨勢，並提出適宜之規劃與管理方案，方能維護北台灣地區的鳥類物種多樣性。 With rapid urban development, human activities have led to dramatic changes in the landscape and increased disturbance to natural areas. Wild birds are easily observed and quantified, and are often used as indicators of environmental changes. Many studies have shown that urbanization and human activities affect bird community. In this study, we studied the relationship between avian community changes and land use changes. For temporal changes in avian community, we used the avian survey data (from 1986 to 2010) of 25 study sites in northern Taiwan from the bird record database managed by the Chinese Wild Bird Federation (CWBF). Results from Detrended Correspondence Analysis were tracked across time for each site to examine the gradients and temporal changes in avian communities. Jaccard's Similarity Index was tracked across time to examine the temporal changes in avian communities and find how similar they were. Finally, we classified species according to habitat preferences, and analyzed the changes in the number of species in each habitat group. For land use change, we used landuse survey data, historic aerial maps, and descriptions in the literature to analyze the land use changes in and around the bird survey sites. Findings suggest strong relationships between avian communities and land-use change. We found that the study sites can be divided into three types: wetlands, urban, and forest types, and the homogenization of bird communities occurred in the various types of study areas. In the wetland sites, three major trends of biotic homogenization were found. First, rapid urban development and changes in agricultural practices, in which many aquaculture lands were abandonded to become ricefield, have increased the number of urban landbird and shorebird species in the Yilan area, increasing their species similarity. Second, landscape changes have caused originally very different estuary and dry field landscapes to both become shallow water habitats, thus causing the bird species to become more similar. Third, riparian wetlands in the Taipei basin had significant changes in sediment deposition due to revetment construction. Short term effects led to increased sediment deposition and increased number of shorebird species. In the urban sites, two types of homogenization trends are observed. In older greenspaces with more mature vegetation, many have added new ecological ponds and experienced increased buildings around the greenspaces. Bird communities in these green spaces have an increased number of ardeidae, anatidae, and urban land bird species. In newly established urban green spaces, the vegetation have matured over the past 10 years. In these sites, an increase of ardeidae and urban land bird species have been found. Therefore, the bird communities of urban greenland became more similar. Homogenization across types can also be observed in a portion of the sites. The decreased number of shorebirds and anatidae species and the increased number of exotic and urban land bird species in Huazhong and Wazihwei sites can be linked to constructions in the waterway. Increased exotic and urban land bird species in the suburban forests of New Taipei City can be linked to increased development of building and farmland. Such changes in these wetland and forest sites have increased their avian community similarity to urban green spaces. In conclusion, increased development in urbanizing areas have led to the increase in urban land bird species. Waterway constructions change sedimentation patterns such that in the short term, shorebirds increase with sedimentation, but longer term erosion along the constructions and terrestrialization downstream have caused sharp decreases in shorebirds, causing shorebirds to become the fastest dissapearing bird community in Taipei Basin. Increased development and tourism in near urban forests have increased the number of urban land bird species. We suggest that for the conservation of biodiversity, future riparian parks should reserve more space for wetlands and decrease the impact of bank protective construction on wetland bird species. At the same time, attention should be paid to forest development trends, and habitat management programs should be adjusted to maintain the diversity of bird species in northern Taiwan.
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