| 摘要: | 臺灣作為一個移民社會的文化傳統，其文化的形成，則可分為原民社會型態與新移入的社會型態的文化混合體。明、清之際，正是閩、粵沿海一帶，漢民族大舉移入臺灣的高峰時期，以閩南人、客家人為代表，與原有的原住民產生了文化衝突與激盪。自西元1662年，鄭成功驅除了荷蘭人在臺灣取得政權後，建立了以漢民族為主體的移民社會，這樣的社會型態一直沿續至今。在遷臺的過程中，漢民族有著各樣的衝突與挑戰，身家性命的倍遭威脅與迫害。原本漢民族的傳統宗教信仰，延續著漢民族的鬼神崇拜與祭祀活動，以及宗親族群共同營造寺廟，作為集體祭祀的神聖性場所，以凝聚社群生活的共同秩序規範的「宗教意識」，提供了先民們精神信仰與安頓。因此，臺灣漢人宗教意識是集體生活傳承創建而成的文化模式，是遷臺的閩、客族群延續原鄉累積而成的社會思想體系。
臺灣漢人宗教傳統保持著漢文化的原型，屬於一種儒釋道三教混和的神話信仰型態，自明、清之際，隨著臺灣先民的移入，由福建、廣東一帶傳入臺灣，三、四百年來，香火未斷，形成了獨特的宗教文化，其中包含了三教思想的哲學、文化、藝術等思想精隨，交融在臺灣的傳統宗教信仰之中，傳承了中國文化精神性的思想精髓，以極其精采璀璨的民族精神，轉換成民間宗教之形態。臺灣漢人宗教傳統主要以禮俗與祭典為表現方式，以「神話」與「儀式」宗教形態呈現，形成了以宗教的方式呈現的宇宙論、生命觀哲學型態。
本文主要分由兩個部分來探討，第一部份為中國古代的天地鬼神觀，主要透過神話、儀式來探討，並以《易》、《老》、《莊》之「天」、「地」、「人」、「鬼」、「神」概念為核心，洞悉中國古代的天地鬼神觀；第二部份為衍傳漢人生命信仰的臺灣漢人之天地鬼神觀，透過臺灣漢人的宗教意識與歷史源流為核心，希望透由臺灣漢人宗教神話與儀式之「天」、「地」、「人」、「鬼」、「神」哲學省察，還原出臺灣人的宗教意識與信仰情懷。
Taiwan, as an immigrant society, cultural traditions, their cultural formation, can be divided into the original civil society into the social patterns and new patterns of cultural mixture. Ming and Qing occasion, it is Fujian, Guangdong coastal areas, massive Han Chinese into Taiwan during the peak period in the Fujianese, Hakka, represented, produced with the original Aboriginal cultural conflict and agitation. Since 1662, Zheng Chenggong get rid of the Dutch to power in Taiwan, established the Han Chinese as the main immigrant society, the social patterns remain in effect so far. In the process of moving to Taiwan, the Han Chinese has all sorts of conflicts and challenges of the times of his life was threatened and persecuted. Originally a traditional Han Chinese religion, carried on the spirit worship and Han ritual activities, and clan groups together to build the temple, as the sanctity of places of collective sacrifice in order to bring the community life of the common order of specification of the “religious consciousness” Provides spiritual beliefs and our ancestors settled. Therefore, the Taiwanese people's religious consciousness is created from the collective cultural heritage of life model is moved to Taiwan, Fujian, continuation of the original rural population off the accumulation of social and ideological system.
Taiwan's traditional Chinese culture of religion to maintain the prototype, is a form of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism style blend of myth beliefs, self-evident, clear the occasion, with the ancestors into Taiwan from Fujian and Guangdong provinces to Taiwan, the three Four hundred years, incense is not broken, the formation of a unique religious culture, which contains the philosophical three religions, culture, art, etc. The essence of thinking, blending into the Taiwan's traditional religious beliefs, the spiritual heritage of Chinese culture. The ideological essence, an extremely brilliant bright national spirit into a form of folk religion. Taiwan's traditional customs and religious rituals as primarily expressions to “Myth” and “Ritual” religious form presented, and formed a religious cosmology presented in a way, philosophical view of life forms.
This article explores the religious consciousness of Taiwanese origin and history of the core, I hope through the A Philosophic Reflection on Myth and Ritual of Han Chinese Religion in Taiwan－Focus on Concepts of "Tian", "De", "Ren", "Shen", "Gui" of I-Ching, Laotze, and Zhuangzi, restore a sense of Taiwanese religion and belief complex. |
