| 摘要: | 《帝京歲時紀勝》作者潘榮陛，字在廷，號止軒，北京大興縣人，生卒年不詳。潘榮陛應為潘季馴、潘楚吟的後裔，系出名門之後，潘氏一族至潘楚吟始遷居北京。潘氏生平經歷，史傳未有傳記，《清史稿》亦無著錄。後世所知潘榮陛生平多來自《帝京歲時紀勝》書前潘氏自序，序中自述生平經歷，雍正九年秋，始從事禁庭。雍正十一年冬，潘氏奉置史館，有了接觸內府藏書的機會，探究金匱石室之秘。乾隆十一年冬，告養返鄉，始將其所經歷者，紀錄成帙。撰寫《帝京歲時紀勝》、《工務紀由》、《月令集覽》、《昏儀便俗》、《讀禮須知》、《曠懷閒草》等作品，內容多與節日、禮儀相關。
《帝京歲時紀勝》之正文有作者《自序》，正文以歲時為序，自正月至十二月，依次記錄北京一地的節日、風俗、遊藝、景物、禁忌、占卜、廟會、時品等，全書三十九頁，不分卷。潘榮陛《帝京歲時紀勝》是第一本專記北京一地人文風物的歲時記專書，其書展現北方的地域特性以及民族融合的文化特點，此書亦影響後世撰著北京歲時風物相關書籍之風格體例。潘榮陛的寫作方式與關注角度，豐富了我們對於區域歲時民俗書寫方式的認知，作為專寫歲時記文本的筆記小說，比正史更貼近人民生活。
第一章略述研究動機與目的和研究範圍與方法，以及前人研究概況。
第二章介紹潘榮陛生平與《帝京歲時紀勝》版本及成書背景。第一節說明潘榮陛生平，第二節討論《帝京歲時紀勝》的版本問題，及本論文所採用之底本。
第三章針對書中各節日依序討論之，據節日所記的特色，依飲食與節俗兩部分來呈現，並對所記節日飲食與節俗的流傳演變加以探討。本論文所討論之節日記事，由《帝京歲時紀勝》中選錄十九個節日，分別為臘八、臘月二十三、除夕、元旦、順星、上元、立春、中和、龍擡頭、清明、浴佛、端陽、六月六、七夕、中秋、中元、重陽、寒衣及冬至。再依從臘月至上元的節日、春時節日、夏時節日、秋時節日、冬時節日分節論述其飲食與節日風俗。
第四章針對書中所記的遊藝活動內容分析討論之，本文所討論之遊藝活動，從《帝京歲時紀勝》中選錄十九項遊藝活動，分別為爆竹、百戲技藝、走橋摸釘、放紙鳶、熙游避災、浴象、乞巧、蓮花燈、兎兒爺、登高、賞菊、畫九九消寒圖、馬術、冰嬉、鬥鵪鶉、鬥蟋蟀、會神仙、喇嘛打鬼、花朝與廟市香會結合的遊藝文化。據其遊藝活動內容分為傳統節日遊藝、體育競技、鬥戲、宗教性節日中的娛樂風俗等類別論述之。
第五章就《帝京歲時紀勝》文本內容，分析《帝京歲時紀勝》所呈現之滿漢民族文化意涵與特色。第一節討論滿族風俗文化意涵之特色，依居室風俗、騎射風俗分別論述之。第二節討論漢族風俗文化意涵之特色，依厭勝風俗、農事風俗、養生保健風俗、占卜與禁忌風俗等分別論述之。第三節討論滿漢民族風俗文化意涵之比較，依信仰風俗、節日飲食風俗、髮式風俗等分別論述之。第四節討論滿漢文化融合對清代北京社會的影響，依滿內漢外的分城生活、廟市經濟發展漸趨成熟、融入滿漢民族特色的飲食文化、滿漢共賞的遊藝活動等分別論述，並將兩者作一番比較。
第六章結論，歸納總結前五章所論之要點。
The book“Di Jing Suishijisheng”, was written by Pan Rong-Pi(Given name “Zai-Timg”,self-called name”Zhi-Xuan”). The author was living in Beijing during Qing Dynasty,but both birth and death are unidentifiable. The author was the descendant of a notable family in Beijing (Teikyo). Other of his backgrounds are untraceable in other history. All we know about him is almost base on the author’s preface of “Di Jing Suishijisheng”. By that we know in the ninth year of Yongzheng he started work in the court. In the eleventh year of Yongzheng he started to work in the history department, so he can have the opportunity to know those history books. At the end of the same year he started his retire life and started to write down all his life experience into book. “Di Jing Suishijisheng” was one of those books that he have written.
The author’s preface of “Di Jing Suishijisheng” noted that the book records all the celebrate activities of Chinese festivals by month(from January to December in Lunar calender) during the Qing Dynasty in Beijing, included divination, taboo, entertainment, customs and fairs. Pan Rong-Pi’s “Di Jing Suishijisheng” is the fist book to record down Beijing’s custom by month. The book shows the characteristics and the ethnic harmony custom of the north part of China in that time. The author's writing technique have great influence to later generation researchers. Pan Rong-Pi’s writing help us gain great knowledge about the writing style of regional customs’s records. As a book recorded the customs’s history, it is truly more closed to the people’s life than official records.
The main Chapter of this essay is shown as below:
Chapter I - Motivation and scope of the research , and the previous studies.
Chapter II - Introduction and background of the book“Di Jing Suishijisheng”. First section is about Pan Rong-Pi's life and his works. Second section is about the book’s various versions, and the versions this essay based on .
Chapter III -Discuss over the Chinese festival mentioned in the book.Dividing them into diet and customs to study. And discuss over their develop afterwards.
Chapter IV - Choose 19 amusement activities form the book, explore the amusement activities of the Qing Dynasty , such as firecrackers, folk arts and so on. According to the type of the activities dividing them in to traditional festival amusements, sports tournaments, dramas, and the customs of religion festivals, discussed each of them separately.
Chapter V –According to the book“Di Jing Suishijisheng”, To analyze the culture and the characteristics of Manchu and the Han. In chapter one we discuss over Manchu’s culture and characteristics. In chapter two we discuss over Han’s culture and characteristics. In chapter Three we discuss over the difference of culture and characteristics between Manchu and Han, In chapter four to Find out the influence of the ethnic harmony of Manchu and Han during Qing Dynasty in Beijing.
Chapter VI –Research results. |
