制度變遷、社會資本與經濟發展—溫州模式研究

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Title:	制度變遷、社會資本與經濟發展—溫州模式研究
Authors:	陳仙妹
Contributors:	中山與中國大陸研究所中國大陸組
Keywords:	制度變遷 institutional change 社會資本 social capital 溫州模式 Wenzhou model 民營企業 private enterprises
Date:	2012
Issue Date:	2012-10-09 09:53:09 (UTC+8)
Abstract:	溫州模式是以需求誘致型制度變遷（induced institutional change）為主的漸進型改革的產物。中央民營企業政策根據黨中央、憲法修正案以及國務院頒布法令組成，並依中國經濟轉軌目標演進，溫州民間企業改革歷經給予民營經濟（private economy）合法性、制度創新、治理整頓與建構開放性制度環境等階段。溫州民營企業產權從家庭作坊（family workshop）、股份合作制（shareholding cooperatives）向有限公司化集團化、股份制企業（cooperative shareholding enterprise）方向轉變，其組織結構的政治特徵包括企業戴紅帽子、建立黨支部、企業家進入地方及全國人大（National People’s Congress）、政協機構（Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference）。民營企業崛起歸因於地方政府支持與基層幹部投入。地方官員不僅是經濟參與人，因民營企業為地方帶來財稅，官員支配財源隨之增加，他也是政治參與人，他們關心自己的政治晉升和利益。至於社會資本對溫州模式的擴展，在宏觀層次，溫州區域文化具冒險與進取精神、重商主義及「走四方」經商思想，故當地經濟活動活躍。在中觀層次，家族企業不僅具家長制權威及管理決策效率高等優點，且關係網絡化充分動員亦有利於企業成長。在微觀層次，個人網絡將溫州商品銷往各地，並累積龐大民間資本；溫州行會、商會與異地商會為企業提供各項服務，助一臂之力；溫州民營企業透過海外溫商網，成立市場、營銷等機構，拓展海外市場。 China’s Wenzhou model is a product of the country’s incremental reform, which in essence is an induced institutional change. Based on the Chinese Communist Party’s policies, constitutional amendments and laws promulgated by the State Council, central policies for private enterprises were made, and they evolve in line with the country’s goals for economic transformation. In Wenzhou, private enterprises have undergone several stages of reform, from the legitimization of private economy, systemic reform, governance restructure to the creation of a more open environment. Started as family workshops and shareholding cooperatives, private enterprises in Wenzhou are shifting toward limited liability companies, group companies and cooperative shareholding enterprises. The enterprises have distinct political character. In the beginning, many of them were affiliated to state-owned or collective units, i.e. putting on a “red-cap”; then party branches were established in the organizations; recent years have seen entrepreneurs entering local and National People’s Congress and Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) branch agencies . The rise of the private enterprises can be attributed to the local government’s support and local cadres’ involvement. Local officials are economic participants since private enterprises bring the government more tax revenue and thus the officials more budge to allocate. However, they are also political participants, who care about their own political promotion and interest. Social capital has also contributed to the expansion of the Wenzhou model. At the macro-level, behind the dynamic economic in the area’s is a culture of risk-taking, ambition and entrepreneurship, which is rooted in Wenzhou merchants’ long tradition of cross-country trade. At the meso-level, parochial authority in family businesses allows high management and decision efficiency, and family network and connections can be fully employed for business growth. At the micro-level, products from Wenzhou are sold to other areas in China through entrepreneur’s personal networks, and a huge amount of private capital have been accumulated; Wenzhou trade associations, chambers of commerce, and branch chambers throughout the country provide enterprises with services and supports; moreover, many of the enterprises are expanding their foreign markets by establishing marketing and sales offices through networks of overseas Wenzhou merchants.
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